本文详细探讨了平面几何中三角形的重心、内心、外心和垂心的向量性质，并通过向量运算进行严密的数学证明。证明了重心的性质是三个向量之和为零向量，内心的性质是角平分线上的比例关系，外心的性质是半径相等，以及垂心的性质是对应边的向量点乘相等。这些性质是几何学中的基本定理，对于理解和解决相关问题至关重要。
一、对ΔABC重心O来讲有
O
A
⇀
+
O
B
⇀
+
O
C
⇀
=
0
⇀
\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OA⇀+OB⇀+OC⇀=0⇀
证明：延长CO与线段
A
B
‾
\overline{AB}
AB交于点D，
根据A、D、B三点共线公式
O
D
⇀
=
m
O
A
⇀
+
n
O
B
⇀
\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=m\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+n\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OD⇀=mOA⇀+nOB⇀(其中m+n=1)，因为D是线段
A
B
‾
\overline{AB}
AB的中点，所以有
O
A
⇀
+
O
B
⇀
=
2
O
D
⇀
\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=2\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OA⇀+OB⇀=2OD⇀
又因
O
C
⇀
=
2
D
O
⇀
\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=2\mathop{DO}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OC⇀=2DO⇀，
所以
O
A
⇀
+
O
B
⇀
+
O
C
⇀
=
0
⇀
\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OA⇀+OB⇀+OC⇀=0⇀，得证。
反过来，如果
O
A
⇀
+
O
B
⇀
+
O
C
⇀
=
0
⇀
\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OA⇀+OB⇀+OC⇀=0⇀
则
O
A
⇀
+
O
B
⇀
+
O
C
⇀
=
(
O
D
⇀
+
D
A
⇀
)
+
(
O
D
⇀
+
D
B
⇀
)
+
O
C
⇀
\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=(\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{DA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})+(\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{DB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})+\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OA⇀+OB⇀+OC⇀=(OD⇀+DA⇀)+(OD⇀+DB⇀)+OC⇀
=
(
O
C
⇀
+
2
O
D
⇀
)
+
(
D
A
⇀
+
D
B
⇀
)
=(\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+2\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})+(\mathop{DA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{DB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})
=(OC⇀+2OD⇀)+(DA⇀+DB⇀)
=
m
O
D
⇀
+
n
D
A
⇀
=
0
⇀
=m\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+n\mathop{DA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
=mOD⇀+nDA⇀=0⇀，
因
O
D
⇀
\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OD⇀与
D
A
⇀
\mathop{DA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
DA⇀线性无关，所以上式要取得
0
⇀
\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
0⇀只有
O
C
⇀
+
2
O
D
⇀
=
0
⇀
\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+2\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OC⇀+2OD⇀=0⇀并且
D
A
⇀
+
D
B
⇀
=
0
⇀
\mathop{DA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{DB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
DA⇀+DB⇀=0⇀，
可得
D
A
‾
\overline{DA}
DA=
B
D
‾
\overline{BD}
BD，以及
C
O
‾
\overline{CO}
CO=2
O
D
‾
\overline{OD}
OD，即D是线段
A
B
‾
\overline{AB}
AB的中点，O为ΔABC的重心。
二、对ΔABC内心O来讲有
a
O
A
⇀
+
b
O
B
⇀
+
c
O
C
⇀
=
0
⇀
a\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+b\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+c\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
aOA⇀+bOB⇀+cOC⇀=0⇀
证明：延长CO与线段
A
B
‾
\overline{AB}
AB交于点D，
因为
C
D
‾
\overline{CD}
CD是∠ACB的角平分线，
根据角平分线性质，线段
O
A
‾
/
O
B
‾
=
C
A
‾
/
C
B
‾
=
D
A
‾
/
D
B
‾
=
b
/
a
\overline{OA}/\overline{OB}=\overline{CA}/\overline{CB}=\overline{DA}/\overline{DB}=b/a
OA/OB=CA/CB=DA/DB=b/a，
并且
C
O
‾
/
O
D
‾
=
C
A
‾
/
A
D
‾
=
C
B
‾
/
B
D
‾
=
(
C
A
‾
+
C
B
‾
)
/
(
A
D
‾
+
B
D
‾
)
=
(
a
+
b
)
/
c
\overline{CO}/\overline{OD}=\overline{CA}/\overline{AD}=\overline{CB}/\overline{BD}=(\overline{CA}+\overline{CB})/(\overline{AD}+\overline{BD})=(a+b)/c
CO/OD=CA/AD=CB/BD=(CA+CB)/(AD+BD)=(a+b)/c，
而
C
O
‾
\overline{CO}
CO与
O
D
‾
\overline{OD}
OD共线，长度比为
(
a
+
b
)
/
c
(a+b)/c
(a+b)/c，故
(
a
+
b
)
O
D
⇀
+
c
O
C
⇀
=
0
⇀
(a+b)\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+c\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
(a+b)OD⇀+cOC⇀=0⇀，
再根据A、D、B三点共线性质有
a
O
A
⇀
+
b
O
B
⇀
=
(
a
+
b
)
O
D
⇀
a\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+b\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=(a+b)\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
aOA⇀+bOB⇀=(a+b)OD⇀，所以
a
O
A
⇀
+
b
O
B
⇀
+
c
O
C
⇀
=
(
a
+
b
)
O
D
⇀
+
c
O
C
⇀
=
0
⇀
a\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+b\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+c\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=(a+b)\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+c\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
aOA⇀+bOB⇀+cOC⇀=(a+b)OD⇀+cOC⇀=0⇀，得证。
反之，若已知
a
O
A
⇀
+
b
O
B
⇀
+
c
O
C
⇀
=
0
⇀
a\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+b\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+c\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
aOA⇀+bOB⇀+cOC⇀=0⇀，则
a
O
A
⇀
+
b
O
B
⇀
+
c
O
C
⇀
=
a\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+b\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+c\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=
aOA⇀+bOB⇀+cOC⇀=
a
(
O
D
⇀
+
D
A
⇀
)
+
b
(
O
D
⇀
+
D
B
⇀
)
+
c
(
O
D
⇀
+
D
C
⇀
)
=
a(\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{DA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})+b(\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{DB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})+c(\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+\mathop{DC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})=
a(OD⇀+DA⇀)+b(OD⇀+DB⇀)+c(OD⇀+DC⇀)=
(
a
+
b
+
c
)
O
D
⇀
+
c
D
C
⇀
+
(
a
D
A
⇀
+
b
D
B
⇀
)
=
(a+b+c)\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+c\mathop{DC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+(a\mathop{DA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+b\mathop{DB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})=
(a+b+c)OD⇀+cDC⇀+(aDA⇀+bDB⇀)=
(
a
+
b
)
O
D
⇀
+
c
O
C
⇀
+
(
a
D
A
⇀
+
b
D
B
⇀
)
=
0
⇀
(a+b)\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+c\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+(a\mathop{DA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+b\mathop{DB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
(a+b)OD⇀+cOC⇀+(aDA⇀+bDB⇀)=0⇀
因向量
(
(
a
+
b
)
O
D
⇀
+
c
O
C
⇀
)
((a+b)\mathop{OD}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+c\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})
((a+b)OD⇀+cOC⇀)与
(
a
D
A
⇀
+
b
D
B
⇀
)
(a\mathop{DA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+b\mathop{DB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})
(aDA⇀+bDB⇀)线性无关，所以上式要取得
0
⇀
\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
0⇀，只有
(
a
D
A
⇀
+
b
D
B
⇀
)
=
0
⇀
(a\mathop{DA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}+b\mathop{DB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})=\mathop{0}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
(aDA⇀+bDB⇀)=0⇀，再由
D
A
‾
\overline{DA}
DA与
B
D
‾
\overline{BD}
BD共线，
可得
A
D
‾
/
D
B
‾
=
A
C
‾
/
C
B
‾
=
b
/
a
\overline{AD}/\overline{DB}=\overline{AC}/\overline{CB}=b/a
AD/DB=AC/CB=b/a，即线段
C
D
‾
\overline{CD}
CD是∠ACB的角平分线，同理可证另两条角平分线
A
O
‾
\overline{AO}
AO和
B
O
‾
\overline{BO}
BO，O为ΔABC的内心。另外，
O
C
‾
/
O
D
‾
=
(
a
+
b
)
/
c
\overline{OC}/\overline{OD}=(a+b)/c
OC/OD=(a+b)/c。
三、对ΔABC外心O来讲有
O
A
⇀
2
=
O
B
⇀
2
=
O
C
⇀
2
{\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}}^2={\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}}^2={\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}}^2
OA⇀2=OB⇀2=OC⇀2，
证明：线段
O
A
‾
\overline{OA}
OA，
O
B
‾
\overline{OB}
OB，
O
C
‾
\overline{OC}
OC为外接圆的半径，所以等长，向量
O
A
⇀
2
{\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}}^2
OA⇀2内积为长度的平方。
四、对ΔABC垂心O来讲有
O
A
⇀
⋅
O
B
⇀
=
O
B
⇀
⋅
O
C
⇀
=
O
C
⇀
⋅
O
A
⇀
\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OA⇀⋅OB⇀=OB⇀⋅OC⇀=OC⇀⋅OA⇀
证明：因为线段
A
B
‾
⊥
C
O
‾
\overline{AB}⊥\overline{CO}
AB⊥CO，所以
O
C
⇀
⋅
A
B
⇀
=
0
\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{AB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=0
OC⇀⋅AB⇀=0，因
A
B
⇀
=
A
O
⇀
−
B
O
⇀
\mathop{AB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{AO}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}-\mathop{BO}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
AB⇀=AO⇀−BO⇀，所以
O
C
⇀
⋅
(
A
O
⇀
−
B
O
⇀
)
=
0
\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·(\mathop{AO}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}-\mathop{BO}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup})=0
OC⇀⋅(AO⇀−BO⇀)=0，化简得
O
C
⇀
⋅
A
O
⇀
=
O
C
⇀
⋅
B
O
⇀
\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{AO}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{BO}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OC⇀⋅AO⇀=OC⇀⋅BO⇀，即
O
C
⇀
⋅
O
A
⇀
=
O
B
⇀
⋅
O
C
⇀
\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OC⇀⋅OA⇀=OB⇀⋅OC⇀，同理可证
O
A
⇀
⋅
O
B
⇀
=
O
B
⇀
⋅
O
C
⇀
\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OA⇀⋅OB⇀=OB⇀⋅OC⇀，即
O
A
⇀
⋅
O
B
⇀
=
O
B
⇀
⋅
O
C
⇀
=
O
C
⇀
⋅
O
A
⇀
\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OA⇀⋅OB⇀=OB⇀⋅OC⇀=OC⇀⋅OA⇀。
反之也可证，当
O
A
⇀
⋅
O
B
⇀
=
O
B
⇀
⋅
O
C
⇀
=
O
C
⇀
⋅
O
A
⇀
\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{OB}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}=\mathop{OC}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}·\mathop{OA}\limits ^{\rightharpoonup}
OA⇀⋅OB⇀=OB⇀⋅OC⇀=OC⇀⋅OA⇀时，O为ΔABC垂心。
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