随想录（强大的kprobe）

最新推荐文章于 2025-10-28 01:00:00 发布

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本文介绍了一种无需重新编译内核即可研究函数调用关系的方法——kprobe。文章提供了使用kprobe跟踪do_fork函数调用过程的具体实例代码，并解释了kprobe的工作原理及其组成部分。

之前一直对systemtap比较感兴趣，但是它的配置太麻烦，使用起来有点不是很顺手。今天偶然之中发现了kprobe，发现很是不错。对我而言，使用kprobe的最大好处就是可以不用重新编译内核就可以学习各个函数之间的调用关系。kprobe的实现原理不复杂，就是在对应的函数设置异常断点，这样可以让函数进入中断，在中断中通过类似信号函数的处理手法，让它先执行我们设定的函数，等到一切结束后再继续原来的流程。它的使用也十分简单，在kernel下有一份简单的代码，大家可以看看。

/*
 * NOTE: This example is works on x86 and powerpc.
 * Here's a sample kernel module showing the use of kprobes to dump a
 * stack trace and selected registers when do_fork() is called.
 *
 * For more information on theory of operation of kprobes, see
 * Documentation/kprobes.txt
 *
 * You will see the trace data in /var/log/messages and on the console
 * whenever do_fork() is invoked to create a new process.
 */

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kprobes.h>

/* For each probe you need to allocate a kprobe structure */
static struct kprobe kp = {
	.symbol_name	= "do_fork",
};

/* kprobe pre_handler: called just before the probed instruction is executed */
static int handler_pre(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_X86
	printk(KERN_INFO "pre_handler: p->addr = 0x%p, ip = %lx,"
			" flags = 0x%lx\n",
		p->addr, regs->ip, regs->flags);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC
	printk(KERN_INFO "pre_handler: p->addr = 0x%p, nip = 0x%lx,"
			" msr = 0x%lx\n",
		p->addr, regs->nip, regs->msr);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MIPS
	printk(KERN_INFO "pre_handler: p->addr = 0x%p, epc = 0x%lx,"
			" status = 0x%lx\n",
		p->addr, regs->cp0_epc, regs->cp0_status);
#endif

	/* A dump_stack() here will give a stack backtrace */
	return 0;
}

/* kprobe post_handler: called after the probed instruction is executed */
static void handler_post(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
				unsigned long flags)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_X86
	printk(KERN_INFO "post_handler: p->addr = 0x%p, flags = 0x%lx\n",
		p->addr, regs->flags);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC
	printk(KERN_INFO "post_handler: p->addr = 0x%p, msr = 0x%lx\n",
		p->addr, regs->msr);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MIPS
	printk(KERN_INFO "post_handler: p->addr = 0x%p, status = 0x%lx\n",
		p->addr, regs->cp0_status);
#endif
}

/*
 * fault_handler: this is called if an exception is generated for any
 * instruction within the pre- or post-handler, or when Kprobes
 * single-steps the probed instruction.
 */
static int handler_fault(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs, int trapnr)
{
	printk(KERN_INFO "fault_handler: p->addr = 0x%p, trap #%dn",
		p->addr, trapnr);
	/* Return 0 because we don't handle the fault. */
	return 0;
}

static int __init kprobe_init(void)
{
	int ret;
	kp.pre_handler = handler_pre;
	kp.post_handler = handler_post;
	kp.fault_handler = handler_fault;

	ret = register_kprobe(&kp);
	if (ret < 0) {
		printk(KERN_INFO "register_kprobe failed, returned %d\n", ret);
		return ret;
	}
	printk(KERN_INFO "Planted kprobe at %p\n", kp.addr);
	return 0;
}

static void __exit kprobe_exit(void)
{
	unregister_kprobe(&kp);
	printk(KERN_INFO "kprobe at %p unregistered\n", kp.addr);
}

module_init(kprobe_init)
module_exit(kprobe_exit)
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

当然，为了大家使用方便，这里一起把Makefile附上，希望大家用的愉快。

ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
obj-m := kprobe_example.o

else
PWD  := $(shell pwd)
KVER := $(shell uname -r)
KDIR := /lib/modules/$(KVER)/build
all:
	$(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) M=$(PWD) modules
clean:
	rm -rf .*.cmd *.o *.mod.c *.ko .tmp_versions modules.*  Module.*
endif

ps：

类似的工具还有ftrace，https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-ftrace1/index.html & https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-ftrace2/