Dwell
Takes the argument P, which is the dwell time in seconds or milliseconds.
If a decimal point is used, the time will be seconds; if it is omitted, the time will be in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second).
Example 1:
G04 P12.0;
This code will cause the program to delay for twelve seconds.
Example 2:
G04 P12;
Will cause the program to pause for 12 milliseconds (or .012 seconds).
Circular interpolation at a given feedrate.
G02 Clockwise arc motion at feedrate.
G03 Counterclockwise arc motion at feedrate.
The clockwise direction is determined by viewing the arc from the positive side of a vector normal to the arc plane.
Like the G01 command, G02 and G03 require a feedrate (F) as well as destination (or distance) coordinates (X, Y, and/or Z). The feedrate will default to the current feedrate if it has been commanded previously in the program. For full circles, the X, Y and Z can be omitted (see I, J, K Method below).
The arc must lie parallel to a plane defined by two axes of machine motion. This plane must be set (usually in the program header) by G7, G18, G19.
There are two different ways to program a G02 or G03.:
I, J, K Method
This is the only method that can be used to program a complete circle. It can be used any time the R method could be used, but it is a little more complicated.
Only two of I, J, and K will be used. This will depend on what arc plane has been selected (see by G7, G18, G19).
- G17 – Use I and J
- G18 – Use I and K
- G19 – Use J and K
The I, J and K arguments specify the DISTANCE from the ARC START POINT to the CENTER POINT of the arc. Note that the start point of the arc is NOT GIVEN in a G02 or G03 command. The start point is determined by the location of the cutter when the command is implemented. Also, the center point is never given explicitly in the command. I, J, and K are DISTANCES. If the geometry of the circle is impossible (to within .0001), an error is usually thrown.
I, J, K Method Example 1:
Assume the machine is currently at X0.0 Y0.0 and G90 and G17 are enabled in the header.
G01 Y1.0 F8.0; G02 X1.2803 Y1.5303 I.750;
Will produce the following toolpath. Notice the value for J (the distance in the Y axis) would be zero, it can be omitted:
Note: The value of J is 0.75 because it is that distance from the arc start point, not because it is that distance from the Y-axis.
I, J, K Method Example 2:
To program a full circle, the end point is omitted from the G02 code. Again, assume the machine is currently at X0.0 Y0.0 and G90 and G17 are enabled in the header:
G01 Y1.0 F8.0; G02 I.750;
R Method
The R Method can only be used for arcs less than 360 degrees. As you might expect, the R address is used to specify the radius of the arc.
R Method Example 1:
Assume the machine is currently at X0.0 Y0.0 and G90 and G17 are enabled in the header.
G01 Y1.0 F8.0; G02 X1.2803 Y1.5303 R.750;
R Method Example 2:
Notice that there is actually another arc that meets the same criteria as the one in the example above. The other arc has a longer arc length but the same radius, start and end points. If we want the arc with the longer arc length, we use a -R value (since -R does not already have a valid meaning).
G01 Y1.0 F8.0; G02 X1.2803 Y1.5303 R-0.750;
See also: Haas Manual
Plane Selection
Circular milling operations (such as G02 and G03) must be aligned on a plane defined by two axes of motion. This plane is selected by calling one of these functions.
- G17 aligns the arc plane with the X and Y axes.
- G18 aligns the arc plane with the X and Z axes.
- G19 aligns the arc plane with the Y and Z axes.
Plane selection is modal, and is often programmed in the program header.
See also: Haas Manual
Linear move at a specified feed rate. It can cut in a single axis, or using multiple axes.
It is a modal command, so any coordinates that follow it will be treated as liner move destinations or distances (see G90/G91) until another command cancels it (such as a G00 or G02).
G1 is usually used to cut a straight line. Be sure you know about speeds, feeds and depth of cut before you select the cutting parameters.
The argument F sets the feedrate. The meaning is determined by the following commands (usually set in the header of the program).
- G93 – Time to complete the motion (Inverse time mode)
- G94 – Inches or mm per minute (IPM) (See G20/G21) <– The “usual” setting
- G95 -Inches or mm per spindle revolution (IPR)
If “F” is not present in the code block and has not been set by another feed command earlier in the program, most machines will throw an error. Also, for all arguments, including the F value, use a decimal point.
Once a G01 is started all programmed axes will move and reach the destination at the same time.
Example:
Assume G90, G20 and G94 have been set and the machine is currently at X0.0 Y0.0 Z0.0. For the following code:
G01 X3.0 Y1.0 F8.0;
The toolpath will look like this:
The cutting tool will move at 8 inches per minute.
See also Haas Manual
Rapid move to a point. (Not necessarily in a straight line!)
G0 (G zero) tells the machine to move as quickly as possible to a given point (absolute or relative, depending on the setting of G90 or 91). This command is modal, so any coordinates that follow will be rapid as well (until a Group 01 code is called). As with all G codes, it specifies only the destination point. HINT: It is usually a good idea to pull the Z up to a safe distance before executing a G0, since the path is not a straight line. Also, never rapid to or from a position too close to the workpiece. Leave some room for lead-ins and lead-outs. Be aware of the decimal point!
Takes the arguments (X, Y, Z, A, B).
Each of these is optional, A and B are for rotary axes. Notice there is no argument for feed rate, it is the machine max.
Example:
Assume the machine is currently at X0.0 Y0.0 and G90 is enabled. for the following code:
G0 X3.0 Y1.0 ;
The toolpath will look like this:
Don’t make the mistake of thinking the path looks like the one shown below in red! This is a crash waiting to happen.
The above example assumes milling, for turning, the only difference is the interpretation of the coordinate system.
See also: Haas Manual
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