Tensorflow中GRU和LSTM的权重初始化

GRU和LSTM权重初始化

在编写模型的时候，有时候你希望RNN用某种特别的方式初始化RNN的权重矩阵，比如xaiver或者orthogonal，这时候呢，只需要：

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cell = LSTMCell if self.args.use_lstm else GRUCell with tf.variable_scope(initializer=tf.orthogonal_initializer()): input = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embedding, questions_bt) cell_fw = MultiRNNCell(cells=[cell(hidden_size) for _ in range(num_layers)]) cell_bw = MultiRNNCell(cells=[cell(hidden_size) for _ in range(num_layers)]) outputs, last_states = tf.nn.bidirectional_dynamic_rnn(cell_bw=cell_bw, cell_fw=cell_fw, dtype= "float32", inputs=input, swap_memory= True)

那么这么写到底是不是正确的初始化了权重呢，我们跟着bidirectional_dynamic_rnn的代码看进去，先只看forward：

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with vs.variable_scope( "fw") as fw_scope: output_fw, output_state_fw = dynamic_rnn( cell=cell_fw, inputs=inputs, sequence_length=sequence_length, initial_state=initial_state_fw, dtype=dtype, parallel_iterations=parallel_iterations, swap_memory=swap_memory, time_major=time_major, scope=fw_scope)

发现它增加了一个variable_scope叫做fw_scope，继续看dynamic_rnn发现这个scope只用在了缓存管理中，而dynamic_rnn实际调用了下面的内容：

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(outputs, final_state) = _dynamic_rnn_loop( cell, inputs, state, parallel_iterations=parallel_iterations, swap_memory=swap_memory, sequence_length=sequence_length, dtype=dtype)

总之，调用来调用去，最后调用到了一个语句：

1	call_cell = lambda: cell(input_t, state)

好，最后都调用了GRUCell或者LSTMCell的__call__()方法，我们顺着看进去，比如GRU的__call__()长下面这个样子：

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def __call__(self, inputs, state, scope=None): """Gated recurrent unit (GRU) with nunits cells.""" with _checked_scope(self, scope or "gru_cell", reuse=self._reuse): with vs.variable_scope( "gates"): # Reset gate and update gate. # We start with bias of 1.0 to not reset and not update. value = sigmoid(_linear( [inputs, state], 2 * self._num_units, True, 1.0)) r, u = array_ops.split( value=value, num_or_size_splits= 2, axis= 1) with vs.variable_scope( "candidate"): c = self._activation(_linear([inputs, r * state], self._num_units, True)) new_h = u * state + ( 1 - u) * c return new_h, new_h

咦？怎么没有权重和偏置呢？好像__init__()方法里也没有，看到这个_linear()了吧，其实所有的权重都在这个方法里面（LSTMCell也一样），这个方法中有玄机了：

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with vs.variable_scope(scope) as outer_scope: weights = vs.get_variable( _WEIGHTS_VARIABLE_NAME, [total_arg_size, output_size], dtype=dtype) # ....some code with vs.variable_scope(outer_scope) as inner_scope: inner_scope.set_partitioner( None) biases = vs.get_variable( _BIAS_VARIABLE_NAME, [output_size], dtype=dtype, initializer=init_ops.constant_initializer(bias_start, dtype=dtype))

所以，这个方法里面，就是又增加了一个variable_scope，然后调用get_variable()方法获取权重和偏置。所以，我们的variable_scope里面嵌套了若干层variable_scope后，我们定义的初始化方法还有没有用呢，实验一下吧：

好的，经过我们的测试，嵌套的variable_scope如果内层没有初始化方法，那么以外层的为准。所以我们的结论呼之欲出：

• RNN的两个变种在Tensorflow版本1.1.0的实现，只需要调用它们时在variable_scope加上初始化方法，它们的权重就会以该方式初始化；

• 但是无论是LSTM还是GRU，都没有提供偏置的初始化方法（不过好像可以定义初始值）。

原文地址：　

http://cairohy.github.io/2017/05/05/ml-coding-summarize/Tensorflow%E4%B8%ADGRU%E5%92%8CLSTM%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%83%E9%87%8D%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96/