8）语法分析：引导词

1. 引导词指人 or 物？（前看名词，后看动词）

2. 从句缺了什么成分？

1. 限制性定语从句（Restrictive Relative Clause）

• 定义：限制性定语从句是必不可少的，它提供了关于先行词的关键信息，没有这些信息，句子的意思可能会变得模糊不清或不完整。
• 标点符号：通常不使用逗号与主句隔开。
• 关系代词：可以使用 "who", "whom", "which", "that" 等，但不能省略关系代词（除了某些情况下可以省略 "that" 和 "which"）。

例子：

• The book that I read yesterday was very interesting.
  • 解释：这里的 "that I read yesterday" 是一个限制性定语从句，它限定了到底是哪一本书，说明了这本书是“我昨天读的那本”，如果去掉这个从句，就不清楚具体指的是哪本书了。

2. 非限制性定语从句（Non-restrictive Relative Clause）

• 定义：非限制性定语从句提供了额外的信息，但它不是必需的，即使去掉它，句子的主要意思仍然清晰明了。
• 标点符号：通常用逗号与主句隔开。
• 关系代词：通常使用 "who", "whom", "which"，而不会使用 "that"，且关系代词不可省略。

例子：

• My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us next week.
  • 解释：这里的 "who lives in New York" 是一个非限制性定语从句，它给出了关于 "my brother" 的附加信息，但是即使没有这部分信息，我们也知道是谁要来拜访我们——我的兄弟。

总结

• 限制性定语从句为先行词提供了不可或缺的信息，用于区分特定的对象或人，通常不加逗号。
• 非限制性定语从句则提供了补充性的信息，即使没有这部分内容，句子的核心意义也不会改变，通常用逗号隔开。

常用辨析

1. The：专有名词前用，形容词最高级前用，序数词前用
2. another：别的，不同的，另一的（泛指有三者或三者以上的选择中的任何一个）
3. others：其他，相当于“other+名词”，不能作定语
4. the other：两者中的另一个，常与 one 连用
5. one another：彼此，互相（同 each other）
6. both：表示两个都
7. either：表示两者中的任一
8. neither：表示两者都不
9. none：表示三者或三者以上都不
10. between：指两者之间，或多种实体之间
11. among：三者或更多之中

特殊句型

1. 强调：It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who···

• Th- 家族中的 that 和 which 是关系代词，用于引导定语从句，而 this / these 和 that / those 仅仅是指示代词，不作为引导词使用。
• Th- 尤其是 that 会用在两个独立句子之间，叫它透明胶水
• Wh- 家族包含多个成员，如 who（人）whom（人的宾格）whose（人或物的所属关系）which（事件）where（地点）when（时间）why（原因），它们都是关系代词或关系副词，用于引导定语从句。
• Wh- 通常用在主句和从句之间，而不是两个独立的句子之间

引导词分类

1. 并列连词 (Coordinating Conjunctions)

并列连词用于连接同等重要的单词、短语或句子。而常见的并列连词有：

• FANBOYS：For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
  • For：表示原因。
    • Example: I went to the store, for I needed some milk.
  • And：表示并列或添加。
    • Example: She likes apples and oranges.
  • Nor：表示否定的并列。
    • Example: He didn't go, nor did he call.
  • But：表示转折。
    • Example: She is smart but not very talkative.
  • Or：表示选择。
    • Example: You can have tea or coffee.
  • Yet：表示对比。
    • Example: The task was hard, yet she managed to complete it.
  • So：表示结果。
    • Example: It was raining, so we stayed inside.

2. 从属连词 (Subordinating Conjunctions)

从属连词用于连接主句和从句，通常引导一个从句。从句依赖于主句才能构成完整的句子。常见的从属连词有：

• 时间：When, While, As, Since, Until, Before, After
  • Example: When she arrives, we will start the meeting.
• 原因：Because, Since, As, For
  • Example: I can't come because I am sick.
• 条件：If, Unless, Provided that, In case
  • Example: If it rains, we will stay at home.
• 让步：Although, Though, Even though, Despite, In spite of
  • Example: Although it was cold, he went swimming.
• 目的：So that, In order that
  • Example: I study hard so that I can pass the exam.
• 结果：So...that, Such...that
  • Example: She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.
• 方式：As if, As though
  • Example: He acted as if he were a king.

3. 关联连词 (Correlative Conjunctions)

关联连词将成对出现，用于连接两个相关的部分。常见的关联连词有：

• Either...or：表示选择。
  • Example: Either you go, or I will.
• Neither...nor：表示双重否定。
  • Example: Neither John nor Mary came to the party.
• Both...and：表示两者都。
  • Example: Both Sarah and Tom are coming to the party.
• Not only...but also：表示不仅...而且。
  • Example: Not only is she smart, but she is also kind.
• Whether...or：表示选择。
  • Example: Whether you like it or not, you have to do it.

4. 其他引导词

还有一些其他类型的引导词，如：

• 关系代词（Relative Pronouns）：who, whom, whose, which, that
  • Example: The man who called me is my brother.
• 关系副词（Relative Adverbs）：where, when, why
  • Example: This is the place where we met.

引导词的替换

以下是一些常见的引导词及其替换用法：

1. 表示地点

• Where 与 in which, on which, at which

  • Where 通常用于表示地点的名词，并且在从句中充当地点状语。
  • In which, on which, at which 也可以用于表示地点的名词，但具体选择取决于上下文。

  例句：

  • The house where we lived was very old.

    • The house in which we lived was very old.
    • The house at which we lived was very old. (较少见，但语法上正确)

  • The park where we had a picnic is very large.

    • The park in which we had a picnic is very large.
    • The park at which we had a picnic is very large. (较少见，但语法上正确)

  • The table on which I put the book is wobbly.

    • The table where I put the book is wobbly. (较少见，但语法上正确)
    • The table at which I put the book is wobbly. (较少见，但语法上正确)

2. 表示时间

• When 与 in which, on which, at which

  • When 通常用于表示时间的名词，并且在从句中充当时间状语。
  • In which, on which, at which 也可以用于表示时间的名词，但具体选择取决于上下文。

  例句：

  • The day when we met was very special.

    • The day on which we met was very special.
    • The day at which we met was very special. (较少见，但语法上正确)

  • The year when I graduated from college was 2010.

    • The year in which I graduated from college was 2010.

  • The moment when he arrived, the party started.

    • The moment at which he arrived, the party started.

3. 表示原因

• Why 与 for which, of which

  • Why 通常用于表示原因的名词，并且在从句中充当原因状语。
  • For which, of which 也可以用于表示原因的名词，但具体选择取决于上下文。

  例句：

  • The reason why he was late is that his car broke down.
    • The reason for which he was late is that his car broke down.
    • The reason of which he was late is that his car broke down. (较少见，但语法上正确)

4. 表示方式

• How 与 in which, by which

  • How 通常用于表示方式的名词，并且在从句中充当方式状语。
  • In which, by which 也可以用于表示方式的名词，但具体选择取决于上下文。

  例句：

  • The way how he solved the problem was impressive.
    • The way in which he solved the problem was impressive.
    • The way by which he solved the problem was impressive. (较少见，但语法上正确)

总结

• Where 可以被 in which, on which, at which 替换，具体取决于先行词所指的具体地点。
• When 可以被 in which, on which, at which 替换，具体取决于先行词所指的具体时间。
• Why 可以被 for which, of which 替换，具体取决于先行词所指的原因。
• How 可以被 in which, by which 替换，具体取决于先行词所指的方式。