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极限经典例题
例1
lim n → ∞ n 5 2 n = 0 \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\frac{n^5}{2^n}=0 n→∞lim2nn5=0
证法1:(二项式定理)
由二项式定理得
n
5
2
n
=
n
5
1
+
C
n
1
+
C
n
2
+
⋯
+
C
n
n
<
n
5
C
n
6
=
n
4
⋅
6
!
(
n
−
5
)
5
\frac{n^5}{2^n} =\frac{n^5}{1+C_n^1+C_n^2+\cdots+C_n^n} <\frac{n^5}{C_n^6} =\frac{n^4\cdot 6!}{(n-5)^5}
2nn5=1+Cn1+Cn2+⋯+Cnnn5<Cn6n5=(n−5)5n4⋅6!
下面由定义易证
证法2:(单调有界数列必收敛)
记
a
n
=
n
5
2
n
a_n=\frac{n^5}{2^n}
an=2nn5
单调:
a
n
+
1
a
n
=
1
2
(
1
+
1
n
)
5
→
1
2
<
1
\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}=\frac{1}{2}(1+\frac{1}{n})^5\to \frac{1}{2}<1
anan+1=21(1+n1)5→21<1有界:0为下界
故设
lim
n
→
∞
a
n
=
a
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_{n}=a
n→∞liman=a
a
=
lim
n
→
∞
a
n
+
1
=
lim
n
→
∞
1
2
(
1
+
1
n
)
5
a
n
=
1
2
a
a=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_{n+1}=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{2}(1+\frac{1}{n})^5a_n=\frac{1}{2}a
a=n→∞liman+1=n→∞lim21(1+n1)5an=21a得到
a
=
0
a=0
a=0
注:该极限的意义是指数函数的阶数比幂函数大
例2
lim n → ∞ n n = 1 \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\sqrt[n]{n}=1 n→∞limnn=1
证法1:(平均值不等式)
1
≤
n
n
=
(
n
n
⋅
1
⋅
1
⋯
1
⏟
n
−
2
个
1
)
1
n
<
2
n
+
n
−
2
n
<
1
+
2
n
\begin{split} 1\leq&\sqrt[n]{n}=(\sqrt{n}\sqrt{n}\cdot\underbrace{1\cdot 1\cdots 1}_{n-2个1})^{\frac{1}{n}}\\ <&\frac{2\sqrt{n}+n-2}{n}\\ <&1+\frac{2}{\sqrt{n}} \end{split}
1≤<<nn=(nn⋅n−2个1
1⋅1⋯1)n1n2n+n−21+n2
证法2:(二项式定理)
令
y
n
=
n
n
−
1
≥
0
y_n=\sqrt[n]{n}-1\geq 0
yn=nn−1≥0,则
n
=
(
1
+
y
n
)
n
≥
n
(
n
−
1
)
2
y
n
2
n=(1+y_n)^n\geq \frac{n(n-1)}{2}y_n^2
n=(1+yn)n≥2n(n−1)yn2则
y
n
≤
2
n
−
1
<
ε
y_n\leq \sqrt{\frac{2}{n-1}}<\varepsilon
yn≤n−12<ε
证法3:(单调有界数列必收敛+平均值不等式)
a
n
+
1
=
n
+
1
n
+
1
<
a
n
=
n
n
⇔
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
<
n
a_{n+1}=\sqrt[n+1]{n+1}<a_n=\sqrt[n]{n}\Leftrightarrow (1+\frac{1}{n})^n<n
an+1=n+1n+1<an=nn⇔(1+n1)n<n由平均值不等式
1
n
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
=
(
1
n
)
2
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
<
(
n
+
1
+
2
n
n
+
2
)
n
+
2
\frac{1}{n}(1+\frac{1}{n})^n=(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}})^2(1+\frac{1}{n})^n<(\frac{n+1+\frac{2}{\sqrt{n}}}{n+2})^{n+2}
n1(1+n1)n=(n1)2(1+n1)n<(n+2n+1+n2)n+2当
n
>
4
n>4
n>4,得数列单调递减,又以1为下界,则收敛
设
lim
n
→
∞
n
n
=
a
≥
1
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\sqrt[n]{n}=a\geq 1
n→∞limnn=a≥1,下证
a
≤
1
a\leq 1
a≤1,用反证法
设
a
=
1
+
h
,
h
>
0
a=1+h,h>0
a=1+h,h>0,当n充分大时,
n
>
1
+
h
\sqrt{n}>1+h
n>1+h,则
n
>
(
1
+
h
)
n
>
n
(
n
−
1
)
2
h
2
n>(1+h)^n>\frac{n(n-1)}{2}h^2
n>(1+h)n>2n(n−1)h2这不可能
例3
lim n → ∞ a n n ! ( a > 0 ) \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\frac{a^n}{n!}(a>0) n→∞limn!an(a>0)
证法1:(定义)
a
n
n
!
<
a
[
a
]
⋅
a
n
−
[
a
]
1
⋅
2
⋯
(
[
a
]
+
1
)
⋅
(
[
a
]
+
1
)
⋯
(
[
a
]
+
1
)
=
a
[
a
]
1
⋅
2
⋯
(
[
a
]
+
1
)
(
a
[
a
]
+
1
)
n
−
[
a
]
→
0
\begin{split} \frac{a^n}{n!}&<\frac{a^{[a]\cdot a^{n-[a]}}}{1\cdot 2\cdots([a]+1)\cdot([a]+1)\cdots([a]+1)}\\ &=\frac{a^{[a]}}{1\cdot 2\cdots ([a]+1)}(\frac{a}{[a]+1})^{n-[a]}\\ &\to 0\\ \end{split}
n!an<1⋅2⋯([a]+1)⋅([a]+1)⋯([a]+1)a[a]⋅an−[a]=1⋅2⋯([a]+1)a[a]([a]+1a)n−[a]→0
例4
证明以下数列发散
S
n
=
1
+
1
2
+
1
3
+
⋯
+
1
n
S_n=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n}
Sn=1+21+31+⋯+n1
证法1:(Oresme)(找较小的数列,证其发散)
注意到
1
n
+
1
+
1
n
+
2
+
⋯
+
1
2
n
>
n
⋅
1
2
n
=
1
2
\frac{1}{n+1}+\frac{1}{n+2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{2n}>n\cdot \frac{1}{2n}=\frac{1}{2}
n+11+n+21+⋯+2n1>n⋅2n1=21则
- S 2 = 1 + 1 2 S_2=1+\frac{1}{2} S2=1+21
- S 4 = S 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 > 1 + 2 2 S_4=S_2+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}>1+\frac{2}{2} S4=S2+31+41>1+22
- S 8 = S 4 + 1 5 + ⋯ + 1 8 > 1 + 3 2 S_8=S_4+\frac{1}{5}+\cdots+\frac{1}{8}>1+\frac{3}{2} S8=S4+51+⋯+81>1+23
归纳可得 S 2 n ≥ 1 + n 2 S_{2^n}\geq 1+\frac{n}{2} S2n≥1+2n,原数列 { S n } \{S_n\} {Sn}必然发散
证法2:(Jacobi-Bernoulli)(找较小的数列,证其发散)
注意到
1
n
+
1
+
1
n
+
2
+
⋯
+
1
n
2
>
n
2
−
n
n
2
=
1
−
1
n
\frac{1}{n+1}+\frac{1}{n+2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n^2}>\frac{n^2-n}{n^2}=1-\frac{1}{n}
n+11+n+21+⋯+n21>n2n2−n=1−n1即
1
n
+
1
n
+
1
+
1
n
+
2
+
⋯
+
1
n
2
>
1
\frac{1}{n}+\frac{1}{n+1}+\frac{1}{n+2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n^2}>1
n1+n+11+n+21+⋯+n21>1故
- S 4 = 1 + ( 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 ) > 2 S_4=1+(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4})>2 S4=1+(21+31+41)>2
- S 25 = S 4 + 1 5 + ⋯ + 1 25 > 3 S_{25}=S_4+\frac{1}{5}+\cdots+\frac{1}{25}>3 S25=S4+51+⋯+251>3
- ……
{ S n } \{S_n\} {Sn}必然发散
证法3:(反证法)
设
S
2
n
=
A
n
+
B
n
S_{2n}=A_n+B_n
S2n=An+Bn收敛,其中
- A n = 1 + 1 3 + 1 5 + ⋯ + 1 2 n − 1 A_n=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}+\cdots+\frac{1}{2n-1} An=1+31+51+⋯+2n−11
- B n = 1 2 + 1 4 + 1 6 + ⋯ + 1 2 n B_n=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{6}+\cdots+\frac{1}{2n} Bn=21+41+61+⋯+2n1
则
lim
n
→
∞
B
n
=
1
2
S
,
lim
n
→
∞
(
S
2
n
−
B
n
)
=
1
2
S
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}B_n=\frac{1}{2}S, \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}(S_{2n}-B_n)=\frac{1}{2}S
n→∞limBn=21S,n→∞lim(S2n−Bn)=21S
又
∀
n
,
A
n
−
B
n
>
1
2
\forall n,A_n-B_n>\frac{1}{2}
∀n,An−Bn>21,则
A
n
,
B
n
A_n,B_n
An,Bn收敛于同一极限不可能
例5
数列 { sin n } \{\sin n\} {sinn}发散
证法1:(构造两个收敛于不同极限的子列)
对每个k,区间
[
2
k
π
+
π
4
,
2
k
π
+
3
4
π
]
[2k\pi+\frac{\pi}{4},2k\pi+\frac{3}{4}\pi]
[2kπ+4π,2kπ+43π]内必能选到一个正整数,记为
n
k
n_k
nk,子列
{
sin
n
k
}
\{\sin n_k\}
{sinnk}若收敛,极限必大于等于
2
2
\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}
22
对每个k,区间
[
2
k
π
+
π
,
2
k
π
+
2
π
]
[2k\pi+\pi,2k\pi+2\pi]
[2kπ+π,2kπ+2π]内必能选到一个正整数,记为
n
k
′
n_k'
nk′,子列
{
sin
n
k
′
}
\{\sin n_k'\}
{sinnk′}若收敛,极限必小于等于0
证法2:(反证法)
设
lim
n
→
∞
sin
n
=
a
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\sin n=a
n→∞limsinn=a,则
sin
(
n
+
1
)
−
sin
(
n
−
1
)
=
2
sin
1
⋅
cos
n
→
0
⇒
cos
n
→
0
\sin (n+1)-\sin (n-1)=2\sin1\cdot\cos n\to 0\Rightarrow \cos n\to 0
sin(n+1)−sin(n−1)=2sin1⋅cosn→0⇒cosn→0
则
cos
(
n
+
1
)
−
cos
(
n
−
1
)
→
0
⇒
sin
n
→
0
\cos (n+1)-\cos(n-1)\to 0\Rightarrow \sin n\to 0
cos(n+1)−cos(n−1)→0⇒sinn→0
这与
sin
2
n
+
cos
2
n
=
1
\sin^2n+\cos^2n=1
sin2n+cos2n=1矛盾
例6
证明以下数列收敛 L n = n ⋅ sin π n L_n=n\cdot\sin{\frac{\pi}{n}} Ln=n⋅sinnπ
证法1:(单调有界数列必收敛)
L
n
L_n
Ln 单调递增:即证
n
sin
π
n
≤
(
n
+
1
)
sin
π
n
+
1
n\sin{\frac{\pi}{n}}\leq (n+1)\sin{\frac{\pi}{n+1}}
nsinnπ≤(n+1)sinn+1π,作代换
t
=
π
n
(
n
+
1
)
t=\frac{\pi}{n(n+1)}
t=n(n+1)π,即证
n
sin
(
n
+
1
)
t
≤
(
n
+
1
)
sin
n
t
n\sin{(n+1)t}\leq (n+1)\sin{nt}
nsin(n+1)t≤(n+1)sinnt注意到
tan
n
t
=
tan
(
n
−
1
)
t
+
tan
t
1
−
tan
(
n
−
1
)
t
tan
t
≥
tan
(
n
−
1
)
t
+
tan
t
≥
n
tan
t
\begin{split} \tan{nt}&=\frac{\tan{(n-1)t}+\tan{t}}{1-\tan{(n-1)t}\tan{t}}\\ &\geq \tan{(n-1)t}+\tan{t}\\ &\geq n\tan{t} \end{split}
tannt=1−tan(n−1)ttanttan(n−1)t+tant≥tan(n−1)t+tant≥ntant则
sin
(
n
+
1
)
t
=
sin
n
t
cos
t
+
cos
n
t
sin
t
=
sin
n
t
cos
t
(
1
+
tan
t
tan
n
t
)
≤
sin
n
t
(
1
+
1
n
)
\begin{split} \sin{(n+1)t}&=\sin{nt}\cos{t}+\cos{nt}\sin{t}\\ &=\sin{nt}\cos{t}(1+\frac{\tan{t}}{\tan{nt}})\\ &\leq \sin{nt}(1+\frac{1}{n}) \end{split}
sin(n+1)t=sinntcost+cosntsint=sinntcost(1+tannttant)≤sinnt(1+n1)
L
n
L_n
Ln 有上界易证
注:
- L n L_n Ln 的几何意义:单位圆内接正 n n n 边形的半周长
- S n = n ⋅ sin π n ⋅ cos π n < π S_n=n\cdot\sin{\frac{\pi}{n}}\cdot\cos{\frac{\pi}{n}}<\pi Sn=n⋅sinnπ⋅cosnπ<π
- S n S_n Sn 的几何意义:单位圆内接正 n n n 边形的面积
例7
lim x → ∞ x 1 x = 1 \lim\limits_{x\to\infty}x^{\frac{1}{x}}=1 x→∞limxx1=1
证法1
注意到
1
≤
x
1
x
≤
(
1
+
n
)
1
n
1\leq x^{\frac{1}{x}}\leq (1+n)^{\frac{1}{n}}
1≤xx1≤(1+n)n1
例8
证明以下两个数列收敛,并收敛于同一极限
{
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
}
,
{
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
+
1
}
\{(1+\frac{1}{n})^n\},\{(1+\frac{1}{n})^{n+1}\}
{(1+n1)n},{(1+n1)n+1}
证法(单调有界数列必收敛)
单调性:由平均值不等式
x
n
=
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
⋅
1
≤
[
n
(
1
+
1
n
)
+
1
n
+
1
]
n
+
1
=
x
n
+
1
x_n=(1+\frac{1}{n})^n\cdot 1\leq [\frac{n(1+\frac{1}{n})+1}{n+1}]^{n+1}=x_{n+1}
xn=(1+n1)n⋅1≤[n+1n(1+n1)+1]n+1=xn+1
1
y
n
=
(
n
n
+
1
)
n
+
1
≤
[
n
+
1
n
n
+
1
+
1
n
+
2
]
n
+
2
=
1
y
n
+
1
\frac{1}{y_n}=(\frac{n}{n+1})^{n+1}\leq [\frac{n+1\frac{n}{n+1}+1}{n+2}]^{n+2}=\frac{1}{y_{n+1}}
yn1=(n+1n)n+1≤[n+2n+1n+1n+1]n+2=yn+11
有界性:
2
=
x
1
≤
x
n
<
y
n
≤
y
1
=
4
2=x_1\leq x_n<y_n\leq y_1=4
2=x1≤xn<yn≤y1=4
极限相同:只需找到两个数列的关系,易证
注:即 lim n → ∞ ( 1 + 1 n ) n = lim n → ∞ ( 1 + 1 n ) n + 1 = e \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}(1+\frac{1}{n})^n=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}(1+\frac{1}{n})^{n+1}=e n→∞lim(1+n1)n=n→∞lim(1+n1)n+1=e
例9
lim x → ∞ ( 1 + 1 x ) x = e \lim\limits_{x\to\infty}(1+\frac{1}{x})^x=e x→∞lim(1+x1)x=e
证明
注意到对任意
x
≥
1
x\geq 1
x≥1 ,有
(
1
+
1
[
x
]
+
1
)
[
x
]
<
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
<
(
1
+
1
[
x
]
)
[
x
]
+
1
(1+\frac{1}{[x]+1})^{[x]}<(1+\frac{1}{x})^x<(1+\frac{1}{[x]})^{[x]+1}
(1+[x]+11)[x]<(1+x1)x<(1+[x]1)[x]+1
参考书:
- 《数学分析》陈纪修 於崇华 金路
- 《数学分析之课程讲义》清华大学数学系及丘成桐数学中心
- 《数学分析习题课讲义》谢惠民 恽自求 易法槐 钱定边 著