Khan Academy - Statistics and Probability - Unit 5 EXPLORING BIVARIATE NUMERICAL DATA

EXPLORING BIVARIATE NUMERICAL DAT

PART 1 Introduction to scatterplots

PART 2 Introduction to trend lines

PART 3 Least-squares regression equations

PART 4 Assessing the fit in least-squares regression

PART 5 More on regression

 

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PART 1 Introduction to scatterplots

1. Bivariate data: it is data on each of two variables, where each value of one of the variables is paired with a value of the other variable. Typically, it would be of interest to investigate the possible association between the two variables.

2. Scatterplot: uses dots to represent values for two different numeric variables. 

(1) It shows the relationship between two numeric variables.

(2) Each member of the dataset gets plotted as a point whose () coordinates relates to its values for the two variables

(3) A good scatter plot uses a reasonable scale on both axes and puts the explanatory variable on -axis.

3. Correlation: shows that whether and how strongly the pairs of variables are related

(1) when the  variable tends to increase as the  variable increases, we say there is a positive correlation between the variables

(2) when the  variable tends to decreases as the  variable increases, we say there is a negative correlation between the variables

(3) when there is no clear relationship between the two variables, we say there is no correlation between the two variables. 

4. Describing the association in a scatterplot should always include a description of the form, direction, and strength of the association, along with the presence of any outliers

(1) Form: is the association linear or non-linear?

(2) Direction: is the association positive or negative?

(3) Strength: does the association appear to be strong, moderately strong, or weak?

(4) Outliers: do there appear to be any data points that are unusually far away from the general pattern?

5. Outliers in scatterplots: scatterplots often have a pattern, we call a data point an outlier if it doesn’t fit the pattern.

6. Clusters in scatterplots: sometimes the data points in a scatter plot form distinct groups; these groups are called clusters.

7. Correlation coefficient(): measures the direction and strength of a linear relationship

(1) it always has a value between -1 and 1

(2) strong positive linear relationships have values of  closer to 1

(3) strong negative linear relationships have values of  closer to -1

(4) weaker relationships have values of  closer to 0

(5) Formula: