Chapter 3.3 THE Complete Solution to Ax=b

Find the Complete solution:Ax=b

x=xp+xn xp(particular solution) xn(solution in NULL space)

1.Ax=b->[A|b]->[R|d]

2.Let free variable =0，Rxp=d->xp

3.Rx=0；Let the free variable x0=1,the rest x=0->s1，s2...（special solution）

4.xn=c1*s1+c2*s2

5the answer x=xp+xn

Anylasis：

precondition：Ax=b is equal to Rx=d

The relationship bewteen r ，m and n

r：privot number m:row number n：column number

r<=min(m,n)

1.r=m=n

 Shape: square

Solution number: one  x=A^-1b xn=vector 0

Features:invertible matrix

2.r=m<n （full row rank）

Shape: short and fat

Solution number:infinite

use the method above to get the answers

Reasons:1.There are |m-n| excess variables in the equation.

Equation number<variable number,you can't confirm the answer,so the ansewer is infinite.

2.There are |m-n| excess vectors in the matirx.To get the given vectors,you have lots of ways

Features:1.free variable numbers are |n-m|

2.Nullspace！=0vector（have free variables）

3.the column spaceC(A) is R^m（Ax=b is  always solvable）

3.r=n<m（full column rank）

1.Shape: tall and thin

2.Solution number: only or none.

Reasons:1.you can confirm the ansewer through n rows above

If the answers placed in the |m-n| equtions are not correct ,there are none .

Otherwise it is only one.

2.If d（Rx=d）don‘t have the same number rows

Features:1.There are |m-n| zero rows

2.Nullspace=0 vector（no free variable）

4.r<min(m,n)

Solution number: infinite or none

Features：matrix have zero rows and excess vector

5.picture different situations of R

r=m=n [I]

r=m<n [I F]

r=n<m: [I]
            [0]

r<min(m,n): [I] [F]

                   [0][0]

question：为什么解是xp+xn

猜测一：A（xp+xn）=A(xp)+A(xn)=b+0=b

猜测二：向量空间具有像向量一样的性质，任意向量b可以看成先到达零向量，再由零向量到达向量b

猜测三：从答案来讲：多解的原因在于自由变量可以取不同的解，零向量的s1，s2相当于是自由列的基底，系数乘特解可以使得某自由变量变为任何数，可是仍漏了自由变量都为0

，其他数不为0的解，由此xp出现是必然。.从解的理解上xp+xn存在模拟全部解的可能