1.Word2Vec简介
Word2Vec也称Word Embeddings,中文比较常见的叫法是“词向量”或者是“词嵌入”。通俗的来说就是把单词进行编码,变成数字的形式让计算机知道那个单词的代号。哈哈, 感觉就像以前的间谍通过莫尔斯电码进行信息传递,只不过那个是通过声音的长短进行编码,我们如果使用one-hot的编码方式,比如I是第一个单词,那么在维度为10的单词向量中,编码就是[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]。通过这种方式我们进行编码,可以发现如果把一片文章进行编码,那么肯定是非常稀疏的,因为一个单词对应的向量只有一个有效的位置。而且还会存在一个问题,通常我们对单词的编码都是随机的,那么如果以“江苏”和“南京”为例,那么那样的编码关系不会存在地理联系,即江苏的省会城市是南京,这种包含关系是没办法体现的。
使用向量表达就可以有效地解决这个问题。它可以从原始语料中学习字词空间向量的预测模型。主要分为CBOW(Continuous Bag of Words)和Skip-Gram两种模式。在本篇博客中,我们主要使用的是Skip-Gram的模式。
2.Word2Vec的代码实现
#coding:utf-8
#因为要下载数据,所以导入的依赖库比较多
import collections
import math
import os
import random
import zipfile
import numpy as np
import sys
import tensorflow as tf
from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#这边是python版本的一个检查,不同版本对应函数调用的接口是不一样的
if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
from urllib.request import urlretrieve
else:
from urllib import urlretrieve
#从网址下载数据并检查数据的准确性
url = 'http://mattmahoney.net/dc/'
def maybe_download(filename, excepted_bytes):
if not os.path.exists(filename):
filename, _ = urlretrieve(url + filename, filename)
statinfo = os.stat(filename)
if statinfo.st_size == excepted_bytes:
print("Found and verified", filename)
else:
print(statinfo.st_size)
raise Exception(
"Failed to verfy" + filename + "Can you get to it with browser?")
return filename
filename = maybe_download('text8.zip', 31344016)
#定义读取数据的函数,并把数据转成列表
def read_data(filename):
with zipfile.ZipFile(filename) as f:
data = tf.compat.as_str(f.read(f.namelist()[0])).split()
return data
words = read_data(filename)
print('Data size', len(words))
#创建词汇表,选取前50000频数的单词,其余单词认定为Unknown,编号为0
vocabulary_size = 50000
def build_dataset(words):
count = [['UNK', -1]]
count.extend(collections.Counter(words).most_common(vocabulary_size - 1))
dictionary = dict()
for word, _ in count:
dictionary[word] = len(dictionary)
data = list()
unk_count = 0
for word in words:
if word in dictionary:
index = dictionary[word]
else:
index = 0
unk_count += 1
data.append(index)
count[0][1] = unk_count
reverse_dictionary = dict(zip(dictionary.values(), dictionary.keys()))
return data, count, dictionary, reverse_dictionary
data, count, dictionary, reverse_dictionary = build_dataset(words)
#为了节约内存删除原始单词列表,打印出最高频出现的词汇及其数量
del words
print ('Most common words (+UNK)', count[:5])
print('Sample data', data[:10], [reverse_dictionary[i] for i in data[:10]])
#生成训练样本,assert断言:申明其布尔值必须为真的判定,如果发生异常,就表示为假
data_index = 0
def generate_batch(batch_size, num_skips, skip_window):
global data_index
assert batch_size % num_skips == 0
assert num_skips <= 2 * skip_window
batch = np.ndarray(shape = (batch_size), dtype = np.int32)
labels = np.ndarray(shape = (batch_size, 1), dtype = np.int32)
span = 2 * skip_window + 1
buffer = collections.deque(maxlen = span)
for _ in range(span):
buffer.append(data[data_index])
data_index = (data_index + 1) % len(data)
for i in range(batch_size // num_skips):
target = skip_window
targets_to_avoid = [skip_window]
for j in range(num_skips):
while target in targets_to_avoid:
target = random.randint(0, span - 1)
targets_to_avoid.append(target)
batch[i * num_skips + j] = buffer[skip_window]
labels[i * num_skips + j, 0] = buffer[target]
buffer.append(data[data_index])
data_index = (data_index + 1)%len(data)
return batch, labels
#调用generate_batch函数简单测试一下功能
batch, labels = generate_batch(batch_size = 8, num_skips = 2, skip_window = 1)
for i in range(8):
print(batch[i], reverse_dictionary[batch[i]], '->', labels[i, 0], reverse_dictionary[labels[i, 0]])
#定义训练是的参数
batch_size = 128
embedding_size = 128
skip_window = 1
num_skips = 2
valid_size = 16
valid_window = 100
valid_examples = np.random.choice(valid_window, valid_size, replace = False)
num_sampled = 64
#定义Skip-Gram Word2Vec模型的网络结构
graph = tf.Graph()
with graph.as_default():
train_inputs = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape = [batch_size])
train_labels = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape = [batch_size, 1])
valid_dataset = tf.constant(valid_examples, dtype = tf.int32)
with tf.device('/gpu:0'):
embeddings = tf.Variable(
tf.random_uniform([vocabulary_size, embedding_size], -1.0, 1.0))
embed = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embeddings, train_inputs)
nce_weights = tf.Variable(
tf.truncated_normal([vocabulary_size, embedding_size], stddev = 1.0 / math.sqrt(embedding_size)))
nce_biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([vocabulary_size]))
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.nce_loss(weights = nce_weights,
biases = nce_biases,
labels = train_labels,
inputs = embed,
num_sampled = num_sampled,
num_classes = vocabulary_size))
optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(1.0).minimize(loss)
norm = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(embeddings), 1, keep_dims = True))
normalized_embeddings = embeddings / norm
valid_embeddings = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(normalized_embeddings, valid_dataset)
similarity = tf.matmul(valid_embeddings, normalized_embeddings, transpose_b = True)
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
#定义最大迭代次数,创建并设置默认的session
num_steps = 100001
with tf.Session(graph = graph) as session:
init.run()
print("Initialized")
average_loss = 0
for step in range(num_steps):
batch_inputs, batch_labels = generate_batch(batch_size, num_skips, skip_window)
feed_dict = {train_inputs: batch_inputs, train_labels: batch_labels}
_, loss_val = session.run([optimizer, loss], feed_dict = feed_dict)
average_loss += loss_val
if step % 2000 == 0:
if step > 0:
average_loss /= 2000
print("Average loss at step ", step, ":", average_loss)
average_loss = 0
if step % 10000 == 0:
sim = similarity.eval()
for i in range(valid_size):
valid_word = reverse_dictionary[valid_examples[i]]
top_k = 8
nearest = (-sim[i, :]).argsort()[1: top_k+1]
log_str = "Nearest to %s:" % valid_word
for k in range(top_k):
close_woreverse_dictionary[nearest[k]]
log_str = "%s %s," %(log_str, close_word)
print(log_str)
final_embeddings = normalized_embeddings.eval()
#定义可视化Word2Vec效果的函数
def plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels, filename = 'tsne.png'):
assert low_dim_embs.shape[0] >= len(labels), "More labels than embeddings"
plt.figure(figsize= (18, 18))
for i, label in enumerate(labels):
x, y = low_dim_embs[i, :]
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.annotate(label, xy = (x, y), xy= (5, 2), textcoords = 'offset points', ha = 'right', va = 'bottom')
plt.savefig(filename)
tsne = TSNE(perplexity = 30, n_components = 2, init = 'pca', n_iter = 5000)
plo
t_only = 100
low_dim_embs = tsne.fit_transform(final_embeddings[:plot_only, :])
labels = [reverse_dictionary[i] for i in range(plot_only)]
plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels)
LZ其实对自然语言处理也不是很懂,所以NLP的部分也就只能浅尝辄止啦O(∩_∩)O