钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性分析的 ISOS 协议

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are one of the most promising innovative photovoltaic cells. PSCs can provide an opportunity to replace or improve traditional solar cells. However, the long-term stability of these devices is still under debate. Long-term stability is often overlooked when grabbing headlines and promoting investment hype for emerging solar cells. It should be clear that addressing the inherent stability issues of new PV technologies can reduce the risk of bad investments and avoid the hype dictated purely by high PCE commitments. Early stability analysis of laboratory-scale solar cells is critical for developing emerging photovoltaic technologies and accelerating the transition from laboratory to fab.

 

Existing qualification tests from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) are designed to address field performance issues for silicon panels. Emerging photovoltaic technologies, such as PSCs, require tests tailored to their characteristics. In order to standardize the stability analysis of organic solar cells (OSCs), a series of stress protocols have been subsumed into the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS),  [Ree11]. Likewise, it has been suggested to address the mechanisms that affect the stability of PSC operation using a protocol suitable for this particular technology.

How do we conduct aging experiments for emerging PVs?

The recent Nature Energy paper [KHEN20] by some of the most prominent PSC researchers provides important guidelines and will be summarized here.

This blog post provides a quick guide to understanding the differences between the different ISOS protocols used to analyze organic and perovskite solar cells.

Standard ISOS Stability Protocol

The ISOS protocol can be defined by a combination of the following four stressors and their changes:

• Light (visible and ultraviolet): dark or 1-sun equivalent;
• Temperature: Ambient temperature, 65°C or 85°C;
• Environmental pollutants: inert, ambient, controlled humidity;
• Electrical Bias: Open Circuit (OC), MPP Tracking, or Fixed Voltage (Positive or Negative).

ISOS testing can be applied to individual solar cells, pure materials, incomplete solar cell stacks or micro-modules. The main goal is to ensure comparability of results from laboratory-scale equipment across laboratories. Unlike the IEC, the ISOS protocol is not intended to be a standard qualification test and cannot fail, but its results will improve understanding of the failure modes of the solar cell device under test. The ISOS protocol can be divided into 5 main test groups, each focusing on a different stressor:

● ISOS-D: dark storage/shelf life

● ISOS-L: light transmission

● ISOS-O: Outdoor test