以准对角阵为零点构造多项式问题

问题

给定数域K上n阶准对角矩阵$$J=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{J}_1& 0& \cdots & 0\\ 0& J_2& \cdots & 0\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ 0& 0& \cdots & J_s\end{array}\right],$$其中$J_i$为如下$n_i$阶方阵：$$J_i={\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}{\lambda }_i& 1& 0& & \\ & {\lambda }_i& 1& & \\ 0& & \ddots & \ddots & \\ & & & \ddots & 1\\ & & & & {\lambda }_i\end{array}\right]}_{n_i\times n_i}(i=1,2,\cdots ,s).$$找出数域K上一个多项式$$f(x)=x^m+a_1{x}^{m-1}+\cdots +a_m(a_i\in K),$$其中$m\le n$,使$f(J)=0$.

解

$$\begin{gathered} f(A)=A^m+a_1{A}^{m-1}+\cdots +a_{m}E \\ =\left[\begin{array}{cccc}f(J_1)& 0& \cdots & 0\\ 0& f(J_2)& \cdots & 0\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ 0& 0& \cdots & f(J_s)\end{array}\right], \end{gathered}$$注意到$$J_i^n={\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}{\lambda }_i^n& n{\lambda }_i^{n-1}& \frac{n(n-1)}{2}{\lambda }_i^{n-2}& & & \\ & {\lambda }_i^n& n{\lambda }_i^{n-1}& \frac{n(n-1)}{2}{\lambda }_i^{n-2}& & \\ & & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \\ & & & \ddots & \ddots & \frac{n(n-1)}{2}{\lambda }_i^{n-2}\\ & & & & \ddots & n{\lambda }_i^{n-1}\\ & & & & & {\lambda }_i^n\end{array}\right]}_{n_i\times n_i}(i=1,2,3,\cdots ,s).$$空白处元素为0。
从而$$f(J_i)={\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}f({\lambda }_i)& f^{\prime }({\lambda }_i)& f^{\prime \prime }({\lambda }_i)& & & \\ & f({\lambda }_i)& f^{\prime }({\lambda }_i)& f^{\prime \prime }({\lambda }_i)& & \\ & & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \\ & & & \ddots & \ddots & f^{\prime \prime }({\lambda }_i)\\ & & & & \ddots & f^{\prime }({\lambda }_i)\\ & & & & & f({\lambda }_i)\end{array}\right]}_{n_i\times n_i}(i=1,2,3,\cdots ,s).$$ 注意到当$n_i=2$时，$f(J_i)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}f({\lambda }_i)& f^{\prime }({\lambda }_i)\\ & f({\lambda }_i)\end{array}\right]$,不涉及$f^{\prime \prime }$; 当$n_i=1$时,$f(J_i)=\left[\begin{array}{c}f({\lambda }_i)\end{array}\right]$,不涉及$f^{\prime }$和$f^{\prime \prime }$.
从而$$\begin{gathered} f(J)=0⟺f(J_i)=0(i=1,2,3,\cdots ,s) \\ ⟺f({\lambda }_i)=0\wedge f^{\prime }({\lambda }_i)=0(n_i\ge 2时)\wedge f^{\prime \prime }({\lambda }_i)=0(n_i\ge 3时)(i=1,2,3,\cdots ,s), \end{gathered}$$即对 $\forall n_i\ge 3,{\lambda }_i$为$f,f^{\prime }$和$f^{\prime \prime }$的零点;对 $\forall n_i=2,{\lambda }_i$为$f$和$f^{\prime }$的零点;对 $\forall n_i=1,{\lambda }_i$为$f$的零点.
可由此构造多项式$$f(x)=\prod _{i=1}^s(x-{\lambda }_i{)}^{m_i}，$$其中$$m_i=\{\begin{array}{c}1,n_i=1,\\ 2,n_i=2,\\ 3,n_i\ge 3.\end{array}$$可以验证该多项式满足上述描述。
同时，$m={\sum }_{i=1}^s{m}_i\le {\sum }_{i=1}^s{n}_i=n$.
多项式系数由${\lambda }_i(i=1,2,3,\cdots ,s)$通过四则运算得到，故仍属于数域$K$.
从而该多项式满足题意。

出处

本题为蓝以中《高等代数简明教程》第二版上册第二章第六节第10题。