问题
给定数域K上n阶准对角矩阵 J = [ J 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 J 2 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 ⋯ J s ] , J = \begin{bmatrix} J_1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & J_2 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & J_s \end{bmatrix} , J=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡J10⋮00J2⋮0⋯⋯⋱⋯00⋮Js⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤,其中 J i J_i Ji为如下 n i n_i ni阶方阵: J i = [ λ i 1 0 λ i 1 0 ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ 1 λ i ] n i × n i ( i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , s ) . J_i = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_i & 1 & \quad\large 0 & & \\ & \lambda_i & 1 & & \\ \quad\large 0 & & \ddots & \ddots & \\ & & & \ddots & 1 \\ & & & & \lambda_i \\ \end{bmatrix}_{n_i \times n_i}\quad (i = 1,2,\cdots, s). Ji=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎡λi01λi01⋱⋱⋱1λi⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎤ni×ni(i=1,2,⋯,s).找出数域K上一个多项式 f ( x ) = x m + a 1 x m − 1 + ⋯ + a m ( a i ∈ K ) , f(x) = x^m+a_1x^{m-1}+\cdots+a_m\quad (a_i \in K), f(x)=xm+a1xm−1+⋯+am(ai∈K),其中 m ≤ n m\le n m≤n,使 f ( J ) = 0 f(J)=0 f(J)=0.
解
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f(A) = A^m + a_1A^{m-1} + \cdots + a_mE \\ \qquad\quad\;\;\,=\begin{bmatrix} f(J_1) & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & f(J_2) & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & f(J_s) \end{bmatrix} ,
f(A)=Am+a1Am−1+⋯+amE=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡f(J1)0⋮00f(J2)⋮0⋯⋯⋱⋯00⋮f(Js)⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤,注意到
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J_i^n=\begin{bmatrix} \lambda_i^n & n\lambda_i^{n-1} & \frac{n(n-1)}2\lambda_i^{n-2} & & & \\ & \lambda_i^n & n\lambda_i^{n-1} & \frac{n(n-1)}2\lambda_i^{n-2} & & \\ && \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \\ &&&\ddots&\ddots& \frac{n(n-1)}2\lambda_i^{n-2}\\ &&&&\ddots & n\lambda_i^{n-1}\\ &&&&&\lambda_i^n\\ \end{bmatrix}_{n_i\times n_i}\quad (i=1,2,3,\cdots, s).
Jin=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎡λinnλin−1λin2n(n−1)λin−2nλin−1⋱2n(n−1)λin−2⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱2n(n−1)λin−2nλin−1λin⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎤ni×ni(i=1,2,3,⋯,s).空白处元素为0。
从而
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f(J_i)=\begin{bmatrix} f(\lambda_i) & f'(\lambda_i) & f''(\lambda_i) & & & \\ &f(\lambda_i) & f'(\lambda_i) & f''(\lambda_i) & & \\ && \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \\ &&&\ddots&\ddots&f''(\lambda_i) \\ &&&&\ddots &f'(\lambda_i)\\ &&&&&f(\lambda_i)\\ \end{bmatrix}_{n_i\times n_i}\quad (i=1,2,3,\cdots, s).
f(Ji)=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎡f(λi)f′(λi)f(λi)f′′(λi)f′(λi)⋱f′′(λi)⋱⋱⋱⋱⋱f′′(λi)f′(λi)f(λi)⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎤ni×ni(i=1,2,3,⋯,s). 注意到当
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f(J_i)=\begin{bmatrix}f(\lambda_i) & f'(\lambda_i)\\ &f(\lambda_i)\end{bmatrix}
f(Ji)=[f(λi)f′(λi)f(λi)],不涉及
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f(J_i)=\begin{bmatrix}f(\lambda_i)\end{bmatrix}
f(Ji)=[f(λi)],不涉及
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f(J)=0\iff f(J_i)=0\quad(i=1,2,3,\cdots,s)\\\iff f(\lambda_i)=0\land f'(\lambda_i)=0(n_i\ge2时)\land f''(\lambda_i)=0(n_i\ge3时)\quad(i=1,2,3,\cdots,s),
f(J)=0⟺f(Ji)=0(i=1,2,3,⋯,s)⟺f(λi)=0∧f′(λi)=0(ni≥2时)∧f′′(λi)=0(ni≥3时)(i=1,2,3,⋯,s),即对
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可由此构造多项式
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f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^s(x-\lambda_i)^{m_i},
f(x)=i=1∏s(x−λi)mi,其中
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m_i=\left\{ \begin{array}{c} 1,n_i=1,\\ 2,n_i=2,\\ 3,n_i\ge 3. \end{array} \right.
mi=⎩⎨⎧1,ni=1,2,ni=2,3,ni≥3.可以验证该多项式满足上述描述。
同时,
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m=∑i=1smi≤∑i=1sni=n.
多项式系数由
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\lambda_i (i=1,2,3,\cdots,s)
λi(i=1,2,3,⋯,s)通过四则运算得到,故仍属于数域
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K
K.
从而该多项式满足题意。
出处
本题为蓝以中《高等代数简明教程》第二版上册第二章第六节第10题。