接着Bethe-Bloch公式往下写。
Bethe-Bloch给出了入射粒子的平均能量损失率公式 -dE/dx,又称为“组织本领”(stopping power, S),或简称为“能量损失”或“能损”。
The linear stopping power, −dE/dx, is energy loss of a particle per unit distance. The mass stopping power, (1/ρ)dE/dx, is the linear stopping power divided by the density (ρ) of the substance. 下文的阻止本领都默认为质量组织本领。
相对组织本领(reletive mass stopping power, RSP)is the ratio of the mass stopping power of a substance to that of a standard substance, usually water in radiology.
物质medium (m)与水water (w)的相对组织本领 RSP 可以表示为
Ng是单位质量内的电子数量(mass electron density),rho_e是电子密度。
RSP对能量不敏感。
取E=200MeV进行化简,入射粒子为质子
beta = @(E) sqrt(1-(1/(E/938.272+1))^2);
result = @(E) log(2*0.511*1e6*beta(E)^2/(1-beta(E)^2)) - beta(E)^2;
result(200)
% ans = 12.7654
ps: 取水的平均激发能为75eV。
根据Bragg additivity rule,混合物的平均激发能(mean ionization energy, )为
where Zi and Ai are the atomic number and atomic weight of the i th element and ωi is its propotion by weight.
关于双能CT:双能量 CT 成像即利用两种不同能量的 X 射线对物体进行断层扫描,得到不同能量物质衰减的分布。 采用双能量 CT 重建算法,可以计算出被扫描物体的等效原子序数和电子密度的分布。
ln(I)与等效原子系数Zeff大体呈现一个线性相关
因此可以用双能CT得到RSP
TPS里电子密度标定曲线得到的是相对电子密度(参考TPS手册和Schneider 1996)
Electron Density: This curve is used by the AAA and MRDC algorithms to convert HU values to relative electron density.
The usual form of the calibration is a bilinear relationship between relative electron density and CT units.
参考:
1. Experimental verification of ion stopping power prediction from dual energy CT data in tissue surrogates
2. The calibration of CT Hounsfield units for radiotherapy treatment planning
3. X-RAY ArIENUATION COEFFICIENTS OF ELEMENTS AND MIXTURES
第1篇论文里有关电子密度的符号写的有错,注意区别电子密度、质量电子密度、相对电子密度。第二篇里Ng的文字定义写错了,但公式没错,Ng is the number of electrons per unit volume(错),应该是 The quantity Ng is the mass electron density,i.e. the number of electrons per unit mass。
2023.7.17