Andrew Ng 深度学习课程Deeplearning.ai 编程作业——deep Neural network for image classification（1-4.2）

1.Package

import numpy as np  #scientific compute package
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  #graphs package
import h5py  #contact with h5 file
import scipy 
from scipy import ndimage  #import our image and reshape to the specific size
from A_deeper_neural_network import initialize_parameters_deep,linear_activation_forward,compute_cost,linear_activation_backward
from A_deeper_neural_network import update_parameters #这里我导入了自己写的文件的模块A_deeper_neural_network

plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"]=(5.0,4.0)  #set the figure figzie to (5.0,4.0)
plt.rcParams["image.interpolation"]="nearest"
plt.rcParams["image.cmap"]='gray'

np.random.seed(1)  #set the random initial seed

def load_dataset():  #定义导入文件的函数
    train_dataset=h5py.File ('/home/hansry/python/DL/1-4/assignment4/datasets/train_catvnoncat.h5',"r")
    train_set_x_orig = np.array(train_dataset["train_set_x"][:]) 
    train_set_y_orig = np.array(train_dataset["train_set_y"][:])
    
    test_dataset=h5py.File('/home/hansry/python/DL/1-4/assignment4/datasets/test_catvnoncat.h5',"r")
    test_set_x_orig = np.array(test_dataset["test_set_x"][:])
    test_set_y_orig = np.array(test_dataset["test_set_y"][:])
    
    classes = np.array(test_dataset["list_classes"][:]) # the list of classes
    
    train_set_y_orig=train_set_y_orig.reshape((1,train_set_y_orig.shape[0]))
    test_set_y_orig=test_set_y_orig.reshape(1,test_set_y_orig.shape[0])
    return train_set_x_orig,train_set_y_orig,test_set_x_orig,test_set_y_orig,classes

train_set_x_orig,train_set_y,test_set_x_orig,test_set_y,classes=load_dataset()
index=7
plt.imshow(train_set_x_orig[index]) #to show the package 
plt.show()
print("y="+str(train_set_y[0][index])+" It's a "+classes[train_set_y[0][index]].decode("utf-8")+" picture")

Expected output:

2.datasets

train_set_x_orig,train_set_y,test_set_x_orig,test_set_y,classes=load_dataset()
num_px=train_set_x_orig.shape[1]
train_x_flatten=train_set_x_orig.reshape(train_set_x_orig.shape[0],num_px*num_px*3).T
test_x_flatten=test_set_x_orig.reshape(test_set_x_orig.shape[0],num_px*num_px*3).T

train_x=train_x_flatten/255  #centralize and normorlize the datasets
test_x=test_x_flatten/255

print ("train_x's shape:"+str(train_x.shape))
print ("test_x's shape:"+str(test_x.shape))

Expected output：

train_x's shape:(12288, 209)
test_x's shape:(12288, 50)

##3.Architecture of your model ##

4.Two-layer neural network

n_x=12288
n_h=7
n_y=1
layer_dims=(n_x,n_h,n_y)
def two_layer_model(X,Y,layers_dims,learning_rate,num_iterations,print_cost=True):
    np.random.seed(1)
    parameters=initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims)
    costs=[]
    grads={}
    W1=parameters["W1"]
    b1=parameters["b1"]
    W2=parameters["W2"]
    b2=parameters["b2"]
    for i in range(num_iterations):
        A1,cache1=linear_activation_forward(X,W1,b1,activation="relu")
 #       print cache1[0][0].shape
 #       print A1
        A2,cache2=linear_activation_forward(A1,W2,b2,activation="sigmoid")
        cost=compute_cost(A2,Y)
#        costs.append(cost)
        dA2=-(np.divide(Y,A2)-np.divide(1-Y,1-A2))
        
        dA1,dW2,db2=linear_activation_backward(dA2,cache2,activation="sigmoid")
        dA0,dW1,db1=linear_activation_backward(dA1,cache1,activation="relu")
        
        grads["dW2"]=dW2
        grads["db2"]=db2
        grads["dW1"]=dW1
        grads["db1"]=db1
        
        parameters=update_parameters(parameters,grads,learning_rate)
        
        W1=parameters["W1"]
        b1=parameters["b1"]
        W2=parameters["W2"]
        b2=parameters["b2"]
        if print_cost and i%100==0:
            print ("cost after iteration{}:{}".format(i,np.squeeze(cost)))
        if i%100==0:
            costs.append(cost)
        
    costs=np.squeeze(costs)
    plt.plot(costs)
    plt.ylabel("cost")
    plt.xlabel("iterations per one thousand")
    plt.title("learning rate :"+str(learning_rate))
    plt.show()
    return parameters

parameters=two_layer_model(train_x,train_set_y,layer_dims,learning_rate=0.0075,num_iterations=3000,print_cost=True)

Expected output:

cost after iteration0:0.69304973566
cost after iteration100:0.646432095343
cost after iteration200:0.632514064791
cost after iteration300:0.601502492035
cost after iteration400:0.560196631161
cost after iteration500:0.515830477276
cost after iteration600:0.475490131394
cost after iteration700:0.433916315123
cost after iteration800:0.40079775362
cost after iteration900:0.358070501132
cost after iteration1000:0.339428153837
cost after iteration1100:0.30527536362
cost after iteration1200:0.274913772821
cost after iteration1300:0.246817682106
cost after iteration1400:0.198507350375
cost after iteration1500:0.174483181126
cost after iteration1600:0.170807629781
cost after iteration1700:0.113065245622
cost after iteration1800:0.0962942684594
cost after iteration1900:0.0834261795973
cost after iteration2000:0.0743907870432
cost after iteration2100:0.0663074813227
cost after iteration2200:0.0591932950104
cost after iteration2300:0.0533614034856
cost after iteration2400:0.0485547856288
cost after iteration2500:0.0441405969255
cost after iteration2600:0.0403456450042
cost after iteration2700:0.0368412198948
cost after iteration2800:0.0336603989271
cost after iteration2900:0.0307555969578

def prediction(parameters,X,Y):  #对训练集和预测集进行精度评判
    W1=parameters["W1"]
    b1=parameters["b1"]
    W2=parameters["W2"]
    b2=parameters["b2"]
    A1,cache1=linear_activation_forward(X,W1,b1,activation="relu")
    A2,cache2=linear_activation_forward(A1,W2,b2,activation="sigmoid")
    predictions=(A2>0.5)  #将大于0的设置为1
    accuracy_per=float(np.dot(Y,predictions.T)+np.dot(1-Y,1-predictions.T))/float(Y.size)*100
    return predictions,accuracy_per

predictions,accuracy=prediction(parameters,train_x,train_set_y)
print ("train_accuracy: "+str(accuracy))

predictions,accuracy=prediction(parameters,test_x,test_set_y)
print ("test_accuracy: "+str(accuracy))

Expected output：

train_accuracy: 100.0
test_accuracy: 72.0

Congratulations! It seems that your 2-layer neural network has better performance (72%) than the logistic regression implementation (70%, assignment week 2). Let’s see if you can do even better with an LL-layer model.

5.L-layer Neural Network

layer_dims=[12288,20,7,5,1]
def  L_layer_model(X,Y,layer_dims,num_iterations,learning_rate,print_cost):
    np.random.seed(1)
    parameters=initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims)
    costs=[]
    for i in range(num_iterations):      
        AL,caches=L_model_layer(X,parameters)
        cost_L_model=compute_cost(AL,Y)  
        grads=L_model_backward(AL,Y,caches)  
        parameter=update_parameters(parameters,grads,learning_rate)
        if print_cost and i%100==0:
            print ("cost after iterations{}:{}".format(i,cost_L_model))
        if i%100==0:
            costs.append(cost_L_model)
    return parameter,costs

def prediction_L_model(parameters,X,Y):
    AL,caches=L_model_layer(X,parameters)    
    predictions=(AL>0.5)
    accuracy=float(np.dot(Y,predictions.T)+np.dot(1-Y,(1-predictions).T))/float(Y.size)*100
    return accuracy,predictions
  

   
parameters,costs=L_layer_model(train_x,train_set_y,layer_dims,learning_rate=0.01,num_iterations=3000,print_cost=True)
costs=np.squeeze(costs)
plt.plot(costs)
plt.ylabel("cost")
plt.xlabel("iterations")
plt.show()

train_accuracy,train_predictions=prediction_L_model(parameters,train_x,train_set_y)
print ("train_accuracy:"+str(train_accuracy)+"%")

test_accuracy,test_predictions=prediction_L_model(parameters,test_x,test_set_y)
print ("test_accuracy:"+str(test_accuracy)+"%")

Expected output:

train_x's shape:(12288, 209)
test_x's shape:(12288, 50)
cost after iterations0:0.771749328424
cost after iterations100:0.669269663073
cost after iterations200:0.638873866746
cost after iterations300:0.597884241863
cost after iterations400:0.568827182668
cost after iterations500:0.461260004201
cost after iterations600:0.508483601988
cost after iterations700:0.32759554358
cost after iterations800:0.31039799625
cost after iterations900:0.24883052978
cost after iterations1000:0.207309305492
cost after iterations1100:0.140485374517
cost after iterations1200:0.115670324218
cost after iterations1300:0.0992596314732
cost after iterations1400:0.0858446278017
cost after iterations1500:0.0749750709344
cost after iterations1600:0.0678088205921
cost after iterations1700:0.0584015277879
cost after iterations1800:0.0520540925361
cost after iterations1900:0.0476796512902
cost after iterations2000:0.0422589466752
cost after iterations2100:0.0377972361751
cost after iterations2200:0.0347303021461
cost after iterations2300:0.0313911132159
cost after iterations2400:0.0287875716657
cost after iterations2500:0.0264843633988
cost after iterations2600:0.0243811278867
cost after iterations2700:0.0226565055434
cost after iterations2800:0.021282864075
cost after iterations2900:0.0196948174932

在这里需要注意的是初始化权重的函数，即 initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims)，具体内容如下：

def initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims):
    """
    Arguments:
    layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the dimensions of each layer in our network
    
    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", ..., "WL", "bL":
                    Wl -- weight matrix of shape (layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1])
                    bl -- bias vector of shape (layer_dims[l], 1)
    """
    
    np.random.seed(1)
    parameters = {}
    L = len(layer_dims)            # number of layers in the network

    for l in range(1, L):
        parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1]) / np.sqrt(layer_dims[l-1]) #*0.01，注意这里不是乘以0.01，因为会陷入局部极小值
        parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layer_dims[l], 1))
        
        assert(parameters['W' + str(l)].shape == (layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1]))
        assert(parameters['b' + str(l)].shape == (layer_dims[l], 1))

        
    return parameters

6.Result Analysis

First, let’s take a look at some images the L-layer model labeled incorrectly. This will show a few mislabeled images.

def mislabeled_images(classes,X,Y,p):
    precision=Y+p
    print precision
    mislabel_indices=np.asarray(np.where(precision==1))
    print mislabel_indices
    num_image=mislabel_indices.shape[1]
    plt.rcParams["figure.figsize"]=(10.0,10.0)
    for i in range(num_image):
        index=mislabel_indices[1,i]
        plt.subplot(num_image//3,3,i+1)
        plt.imshow(X[:,index].reshape(64,64,3),interpolation='nearest')
        plt.axis=('off')
        plt.title("Prediction:"+str(classes[int(p[0,index])].decode("utf-8"))+"\n"+"Real:"+str(classes[Y[0,index]].decode("utf-8")))
        

mislabeled_images(classes,test_x,test_set_y,test_predictions)

如上图所示，在50张图中，9张预测错误，准确率为82%

A few type of images the model tends to do poorly on include:
Cat body in an unusual position
Cat appears against a background of a similar color
Unusual cat color and species
Camera Angle
Brightness of the picture
Scale variation (cat is very large or small in image)