数据降维(四)ISOMAP

ISOMAP(Isometric Feature Mapping)是一种无监督的非线性数据降维算法,旨在保持数据的几何结构。该算法基于测地线距离,通过构建邻接图和计算最短路径来实现低维嵌入。在实际应用中,最短路径的计算是算法的瓶颈,涉及到Floyd或Dijkstra算法以及特征分解,这些步骤的复杂度较高。
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流形学习——ISOMAP算法

Isomap(Isometric Feature Mapping)是流行学习的一种,用于非线性数据降维,是一种无监督算法.

流形

流形是一个局部具有欧式空间性质的拓扑空间,流形能很好地近似任意高维的子空间.

测地线距离

测地距离(Geodesic Distance),在高维空间中度量距离不应当直接使用欧式距离,而应当使用测地距离.

测地线距离定义

  • 邻近的点:输入空间的欧式距离提供一个测地线距离的近似.
  • 最远的点:测地线距离通过一些列邻域点之间的欧式距离的累加近似得到.

举例: 在一个流形中,相距很远的两个点,有可能欧式距离很近.

ISOMAP算法

ISOMAP(Isometric Feature Mapping, 等距离特征映射),是一种非线性降维方法,其基于度量MDS,试图保留数据内在的由测地线距离蕴含的几何结构.

算法步骤

  • 构建邻接图
    • 通过连接距离小于 ϵ \epsilon ϵ的两个点 i i i j j j在N个数据点上定义图 G G G( ϵ − I s o m a p \epsilon-Isomap ϵIsomap),或者点 i i i是点 j j j k k k近邻之一(K-Isomap).
    • 设置边的长度为
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Sure! Here is an example of Isomap dimensionality reduction implemented in MATLAB: ```matlab % Load your data matrix here data = load('your_data.mat'); % Determine the number of nearest neighbors k = 10; % Compute pairwise distances using Euclidean distance distances = pdist2(data, data); % Find the k-nearest neighbors for each point [~, nearest_neighbors] = sort(distances, 2); nearest_neighbors = nearest_neighbors(:, 2:k+1); % Create the neighborhood graph graph = zeros(size(data, 1)); for i = 1:size(data, 1) for j = nearest_neighbors(i, :) graph(i, j) = distances(i, j); end end % Apply Floyd-Warshall algorithm to find the shortest path distances shortest_distances = graph; for k = 1:size(data, 1) for i = 1:size(data, 1) for j = 1:size(data, 1) if shortest_distances(i, k) + shortest_distances(k, j) < shortest_distances(i, j) shortest_distances(i, j) = shortest_distances(i, k) + shortest_distances(k, j); end end end end % Compute the Gram matrix squared_distances = shortest_distances.^2; gram_matrix = -0.5 * (squared_distances - ... sum(squared_distances, 1)/size(data, 1) - ... sum(squared_distances, 2)/size(data, 1) + ... sum(squared_distances(:))/(size(data, 1)^2)); % Perform singular value decomposition [V, D] = eig(gram_matrix); [~, sorted_indices] = sort(diag(D), 'descend'); D_sorted = D(sorted_indices, sorted_indices); V_sorted = V(:, sorted_indices); % Choose the number of dimensions for the reduced space num_dimensions = 2; % Compute the final lower-dimensional representation reduced_data = V_sorted(:, 1:num_dimensions) * sqrt(D_sorted(1:num_dimensions, 1:num_dimensions)); % Plot the reduced data scatter(reduced_data(:, 1), reduced_data(:, 2)); title('Isomap Dimensionality Reduction'); xlabel('Dimension 1'); ylabel('Dimension 2'); ``` Make sure to replace `'your_data.mat'` with the path to your actual data file. Also, feel free to adjust the parameters such as the number of nearest neighbors (`k`) and the number of dimensions in the reduced space (`num_dimensions`) according to your needs.
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