转自
https://learnopengl-cn.github.io/02%20Lighting/02%20Basic%20Lighting/#_7
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36696486/article/details/104314572
原理介绍
我们在现实生活中看到某一物体的颜色并不是这个物体真正拥有的颜色，而是它所反射的(Reflected)颜色。换句话说，那些不能被物体所吸收(Absorb)的颜色（被拒绝的颜色）就是我们能够感知到的物体的颜色。
将光运用到图形学中，实现方式也比较简单，就是在物体基础颜色上乘以光的颜色
冯氏光照模型
现实世界的光照是极其复杂的，而且会受到诸多因素的影响，这是我们有限的计算能力所无法模拟的。因此OpenGL的光照使用的是简化的模型，对现实的情况进行近似，这样处理起来会更容易一些，而且看起来也差不多一样。这些光照模型都是基于我们对光的物理特性的理解。
其中一个模型被称为冯氏光照模型(Phong Lighting Model)。
冯氏光照模型的主要结构由3个分量组成：
- 环境光照(Ambient Lighting)：即使在黑暗的情况下，世界上通常也仍然有一些光亮（月亮、远处的光），所以物体几乎永远不会是完全黑暗的。为了模拟这个，我们会使用一个环境光照常量，它永远会给物体一些颜色。
- 漫反射光照(Diffuse Lighting)：模拟光源对物体的方向性影响(Directional Impact)。它是冯氏光照模型中视觉上最显著的分量。物体的某一部分越是正对着光源，它就会越亮。
- 镜面(Specular)光照：模拟有光泽物体上面出现的亮点。镜面光照的颜色相比于物体的颜色会更倾向于光的颜色。
环境光照
考虑到这种情况的算法叫做全局照明(Global Illumination)算法，但是这种算法既开销高昂又极其复杂。所以我们简单模拟一下环境光，把环境光照添加到场景里非常简单。我们用光的颜色乘以一个很小的常量环境因子，再乘以物体的颜色，然后将最终结果作为片段的颜色：
void main()
{
float ambientStrength = 0.1;
vec3 ambient = ambientStrength * lightColor;
vec3 result = ambient * objectColor;
FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}
漫反射光照
环境光照本身不能提供最有趣的结果，但是漫反射光照就能开始对物体产生显著的视觉影响了。漫反射光照使物体上与光线方向越接近的片段能从光源处获得更多的亮度。为了能够更好的理解漫反射光照，请看下图：
我们需要测量这个光线是以什么角度接触到这个片段的。如果光线垂直于物体表面，这束光对物体的影响会最大化（译注：更亮）。
所以，计算漫反射光照需要什么？
resultLight=max(Normal dot LightDir),0);//物体法向量点乘光的方向
- 法向量：一个垂直于顶点表面的向量。顶点法向量可作为顶点着色器的输入值传入
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;
- 定向的光线：作为光源的位置与片段的位置之间向量差的方向向量。为了计算这个光线，我们需要光的位置向量和片段的位置向量。
uniform vec3 lightPos;
所有光照的计算都是在片段着色器里进行
实例程序
顶点着色器
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;
out vec3 FragPos;
//顶点法向量
out vec3 Normal;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
void main()
{
FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(aPos, 1.0));
Normal = aNormal;
gl_Position = projection * view * vec4(FragPos, 1.0);
}
片元着色器
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 FragPos;
uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform vec3 lightColor;
uniform vec3 objectColor;
void main()
{
// ambient
float ambientStrength = 0.1;
vec3 ambient = ambientStrength * lightColor;
// diffuse ，漫反射光
vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);
vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - FragPos);
float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
vec3 diffuse = diff * lightColor;
//计算环境光+漫反射光对物体的影响
vec3 result = (ambient + diffuse) * objectColor;
FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}
镜面反射
和漫反射光照一样，镜面光照也是依据光的方向向量和物体的法向量来决定的，但是它也依赖于观察方向，例如玩家是从什么方向看着这个片段的。镜面光照是基于光的反射特性。如果我们想象物体表面像一面镜子一样，那么，无论我们从哪里去看那个表面所反射的光，镜面光照都会达到最大化。你可以从下面的图片看到效果：
我们通过反射法向量周围光的方向来计算反射向量。然后我们计算反射向量和视线方向的角度差，如果夹角越小，那么镜面光的影响就会越大。它的作用效果就是，当我们去看光被物体所反射的那个方向的时候，我们会看到一个高光。
观察向量是镜面光照附加的一个变量，我们可以使用观察者世界空间位置和片段的位置来计算它。之后，我们计算镜面光强度，用它乘以光源的颜色，再将它加上环境光和漫反射分量。
resultLight=pow（max(View dot ReflectLightDir,0)，Shininess）;//视线方向点乘光的反射方向，取反光度的幂
//FragPos为像素位置信息，viewPos可以理解为相机的位置
vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), 32);
vec3 specular = specularStrength * spec * lightColor;
示例程序
顶点着色器
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;
out vec3 FragPos;
//法向量，用于在片段着色器中计算漫反射光的
out vec3 Normal;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
void main()
{
FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(aPos, 1.0));
Normal = mat3(transpose(inverse(model))) * aNormal;
gl_Position = projection * view * vec4(FragPos, 1.0);
}
片元着色器
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 FragPos;
uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
uniform vec3 lightColor;
uniform vec3 objectColor;
void main()
{
// ambient
float ambientStrength = 0.1;
vec3 ambient = ambientStrength * lightColor;
// diffuse
vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);
vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - FragPos);
float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
vec3 diffuse = diff * lightColor;
// specular
//镜面强度
float specularStrength = 0.5;
//视线方向向量，和对应的沿着法线轴的反射向量：
vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
//计算镜面分量
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), 32);
//结果乘以物体的颜色
vec3 specular = specularStrength * spec * lightColor;
vec3 result = (ambient + diffuse + specular) * objectColor;
FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}
程序
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
//#include"camera.h"
#include <iostream>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
// void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
// void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
// camera
//Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;
// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
// lighting
glm::vec3 lightPos(1.2f, 1.0f, 2.0f);
const char *vertexShaderSource =
"#version 330 core\n"
"layout(location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\n"
"layout(location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;\n"
"out vec3 FragPos;\n"
"out vec3 Normal;\n"
"uniform mat4 model;\n"
"uniform mat4 view;\n"
"uniform mat4 projection;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
"FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(aPos, 1.0));\n"
"Normal = aNormal;\n"
"gl_Position = projection * view * vec4(FragPos, 1.0);\n"
"}\n";
const char *fragmentShaderSource =
"#version 330 core\n"
"out vec4 FragColor;\n"
"in vec3 Normal;\n"
"in vec3 FragPos;\n"
"uniform vec3 lightPos;\n"
"uniform vec3 lightColor;\n"
"uniform vec3 objectColor;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
// ambient
" float ambientStrength = 0.1;\n"
" vec3 ambient = ambientStrength * lightColor;\n"
// diffuse
" vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);\n"
" vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - FragPos);\n"
" float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);\n"
" vec3 diffuse = diff * lightColor;\n"
" vec3 result = (ambient + diffuse) * objectColor;\n"
" FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);\n"
"}\n";
int main()
{
//初始化
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
// 创建窗口
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
// 错误提示信息
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// 开启深度测试（深度值粗略可视为与相机近平面的距离）
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
//VertexShader创建顶点着色器
int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(vertexShader);
//Info获取编译出错信息
int success;
char info[512];
glGetShaderiv(vertexShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShader, 512, NULL, info);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << info << std::endl;
}
//片元着色器
int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(fragmentShader);
//编译信息
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader, 512, NULL, info);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << info << std::endl;
}
//shaderProgramshader程序
int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);
glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram, 512, NULL, info);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << info << std::endl;
}
glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
glDeleteShader(fragmentShader);
float vertices[] = {
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f
};
// first, configure the cube's VAO (and VBO)
unsigned int VBO, cubeVAO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
// position attribute
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
// normal attribute
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 6 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// input
// -----
processInput(window);
// render
// ------
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // also clear the depth buffer now!
// activate shader
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
const glm::vec3 objectColor(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f);
glUniform3fv(glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "objectColor"), 1, &objectColor[0]);
const glm::vec3 lightColor(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glUniform3fv(glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "lightColor"), 1, &lightColor[0]);
const glm::vec3 lightPos(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f);
glUniform3fv(glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "lightPos"), 1, &lightPos[0]);
// create transformations
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f); // make sure to initialize matrix to identity matrix first
glm::mat4 view = glm::mat4(1.0f);
glm::mat4 projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::rotate(model, (float)glfwGetTime() * 100, glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
view = glm::translate(view, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -200.0f));
projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(80.0f), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 300.0f);
// retrieve the matrix uniform locations
unsigned int modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "model");
unsigned int viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "view");
glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, &view[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "projection"), 1, GL_FALSE, &projection[0][0]);
// render box
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
//glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT, GL_LINE);
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
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