考研 ｜高等数学 Chapter 2

考研 | 高等数学 Chapter 2

1. Part Ⅰ

a. 导数

1. $f^{{}^{\prime }}(a)存在\iff f_{-}^{{}^{\prime }}(a)和f_{+}^{{}^{\prime }}(a)存在且相等$
2. 可导一定连续, 连续不一定可导
   

b. 可微

1. $$\begin{gathered} y=f(x),\Delta y=f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0),(x,x_0\in D) \\ 若\Delta y=A\Delta x+O(\Delta x),称f(x)在x=x_0上可微 \end{gathered}$$
2. $可导\iff 可微$

2. Part Ⅱ

a. 求导工具

1. $(c{)}^{\prime }=0$
2. $(x^a{)}^{\prime }=a{x}^{a-1}$
3. $\left(a^x\right)=a^x\ln a$
4. $({\log }_{a}x)=\frac{1}{x\ln a}$
5. $(\sin x{)}^{\prime }=\cos x$
6. $(\cos x{)}^{\prime }=-\sin x$
7. $(\tan x{)}^{\prime }={\sec }^{2}x$
8. $\cot x=\frac{\cos x}{\sin x}=\frac{1}{\tan x}$
9. $\sec x=\frac{1}{\cos x}$
10. $\csc x=\frac{1}{\sin x}$
11. $(\cot x{)}^{\prime }=-{\csc }^{2}x=-\frac{1}{{\sin }^{2}x}$
12. $(\sec x{)}^{\prime }=\sec x\cdot \tan x$
13. $(\csc x{)}^{\prime }=-\csc x\cdot \cot x$
14. $(\arcsin x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$
15. $(\arccos x{)}^{\prime }=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$
16. $(\arctan x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{1+x^2}$
17. $(\mathrm{arccot}x{)}^{\prime }=-\frac{1}{1+x^2}$

b. 反函数求导

1. Th1:
   $$\begin{gathered} y=f(x)可导,且f^{{}^{\prime }}(x)\ne 0(严格单调) \\ \Rightarrow y=f(x)存在可导的反函数x=\phi (y)且{\phi }^{{}^{\prime }}(y)=\frac{1}{f^{{}^{\prime }}(x)} \end{gathered}$$
2. 例题: 求 $y=\ln (x+\sqrt{1+x^2})$ 的反函数
   $$\begin{array}{rl}& y=\ln (x+\sqrt{1+x^2})\\ & \because \left(-x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)\cdot \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}\right)=1\\ & \therefore -x+\sqrt{1+x^2}=e^{-y}\\ & \because x+\sqrt{1+x^2}=e^y\\ & \therefore x=\frac{1}{2}\left(e^y-e^{-y}\right)\text{. }\end{array}$$
   验证Th1:
   $$\begin{array}{rl}& y^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{1+\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}}{x+\sqrt{1+x^2}}\\ & x^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{2}(e^y-e^{-y})=\sqrt{1+x^2}\\ & y^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{x^{{}^{\prime }}}\end{array}$$

3. Part Ⅲ

a. 定义求导

b. 显函数求导

c. 隐函数求导

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d. 参数方程确定的方程求导

$\phi (t),\varphi (t)可导,且{\phi }^{\prime }(t)\ne 0$

$\text{ 由 }\{\begin{array}{l}x=\phi (t)\\ y=\varphi (t)\end{array}\Rightarrow y=f(x),且dy/dx={\varphi }^{\prime }(t)/{\phi }^{\prime }(t)=\frac{dy}{dt}/\frac{dx}{dt}$

e. 分段函数求导

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f. 高阶导数

1. ${\frac{1}{ax+b}}^{(n)}=\frac{(-1{)}^n\cdot n!\cdot a^n}{(ax+b{)}^{(n+1)}}$
    
   

2. 归纳法:
   

4. Part Ⅳ

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