03 C#面向对象设计 I
知识结构:
1、类与对象
- 类:用高级程序语言实现的一个ADT描述。
- 对象:通过类声明的变量。
2、封装
2.1 什么是封装
把类的内部隐藏起来以防止外部看到内部的实现过程。
2.2 怎样封装
- 通过限制修饰符
private
、protected
、public
、internal
来实现。 - 对类中的数据(Data)和操作(Operation)的限制修饰符:
private
:只允许类的内部访问(默认)。protected
:只允许类的内部和子类访问。public
:类的内部与外部都可以访问。internal
:在同一程序集内部访问,相当于public
。
- 对类的限制修饰符:
public
:都可以使用。internal
:在同一程序集内部使用(默认)。
注:internal
修饰的类,方法或属性,只要是在同一个程序集中的其它类都可以访问,如果二者不在同一命名空间,只要使用using
引用上相应的命名空间即可,这里,从另外一个方面也间接看出命名空间并不是界定访问级别的,而是保证全局的类唯一性的。
参考图文:
2.3 怎样表示
- 类图(Class Diagram)
- -:
private
- +:
public
- #:
protected
- -:
例1:根据下列类图实现Animal类型。
public class Animal
{
public int Age;
public double Weight;
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Sleep.");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal al = new Animal();
al.Eat();// Animal Eat.
al.Sleep();// Animal Sleep.
}
}
3、继承
3.1 什么是继承
子类拥有父类某些Data和Operation的过程。
3.2 怎样继承
public class Child : Parent
{
//…
}
Child
:子类(派生类),Parent
:父类(基类)- 在类的声明中,利用“:”表示继承。
C# 只支持单继承,但可以定义一个不允许其它类继承的类。
public sealed class Name
{
//...
}
- 利用
sealed
关键字可防止所声明的类被继承。
子类与父类中数据与操作的继承关系:
- 父类
public
protected
private
internal
- 子类
public
protected
无法继承internal
3.3 子类怎样访问父类成员
利用base
关键字。
例2:子类访问父类且父类构造函数不带参数。
public class Parent
{
private int _data1; // 只能被类的内部访问
protected int Data2; // 能被子类访问和继承
public int Data3; // 能被子类访问和继承
}
public class Child : Parent
{
public Child()
{
base.Data2 = 2;
base.Data3 = 3;
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Child cld = new Child();
Console.WriteLine(cld.Data3); // 3
}
}
例3:子类访问父类且父类构造函数带参数。
public class Parent
{
private int _data1; // 只能被类的内部访问
protected int Data2; // 能被子类访问和继承
public int Data3; // 能被子类访问和继承
public Parent(int dt1, int dt2, int dt3)
{
_data1 = dt1;
Data2 = dt2;
Data3 = dt3;
}
}
public class Child : Parent
{
public Child() : base(0, 2, 3)
{
;
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Child cld = new Child();
Console.WriteLine(cld.Data3);// 3
}
}
3.4 怎样表示
- 通过类图来表示
例4:根据类图实现程序代码,注意类之间的继承关系。
public class Animal
{
public int Age;
public double Weight;
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Sleep.");
}
}
public class Bird : Animal
{
public void Fly()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Fly.");
}
}
public class Dog : Animal
{
public void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Run.");
}
}
public class Fish : Animal
{
public void Swim()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Swim.");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.Run(); //Dog Run.
Bird bird = new Bird();
bird.Fly(); //Bird Fly.
Fish fish = new Fish();
fish.Swim(); //Fish Swim.
}
}
3.5 实例化
为对象分配存储空间的过程。
例5:类的实例化。
public class Animal
{
public int Age;
public double Weight;
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Sleep.");
}
}
public class Dog : Animal
{
public void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Run.");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal al = new Animal(); // 实例化Animal
al.Eat(); // Animal Eat.
al.Sleep(); // Animal Sleep.
Dog dg = new Dog(); // 实例化Dog
dg.Age = 2;
dg.Weight = 4.5;
Console.WriteLine("Dog Infor: Age:{0},Weight:{1}",
dg.Age, dg.Weight);
// Dog Infor: Age:2, Weight:4.5
dg.Sleep(); // Animal Sleep.
dg.Eat(); // Animal Eat.
dg.Run(); // Dog Run.
}
}
例6:子类与父类有重名方法。
public class Animal
{
public int Age;
public double Weight;
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Sleep.");
}
}
public class Dog : Animal
{
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Sleep.");
}
public void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Run.");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal al = new Dog(); // 子类可以实例化父类
al.Eat(); // Animal Eat.(重名方法存在问题)
al.Sleep(); // Animal Sleep.
Dog dg = al as Dog; //强制类型转换或Dog dg = (Dog)al;
dg.Eat(); // Dog Eat.
dg.Sleep(); // Dog Sleep.
dg.Run(); // Dog Run.
}
}
注意:
Animal al = new Dog();
(正确)Dog dg = new Animal();
(错误)
子类可以实例化父类,而父类不可以实例化子类,即:Dog
一定是Animal
,而Animal
不一定是Dog
。
Animal al = new Dog();
Dog dg = al;
(错误)需要强制类型转换。Dog dg = al as Dog;
(正确)若al
不是Dog
类型,返回null。Dog dg = (Dog)al;
(正确)若al
不是Dog
类型,系统会抛出异常。
4、多态
4.1 什么是多态
相同的操作(Operation),对于不同的对象,可以有不同的解释,产生不同的执行结果。
4.2 多态的分类
- 运行时多态:在运行时决定执行哪个类的哪个方法。(override覆写)
- 编译时多态:在编译时决定执行类中的哪个方法。(overload重载)
4.3 多态的实现
运行时多态:
- 在父类中定义并实现虚方法(virtual)
- 在子类中覆写(override)该虚方法。
- 虚方法必须有方法体
- 覆写虚方法,要求方法名,形参,返回值类型必须相同。
例7:实现运行时多态的代码
public class Animal
{
public int Age;
public double Weight;
public virtual void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Eat.");
}
public virtual void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Animal Sleep.");
}
}
public class Dog : Animal
{
public override void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Eat.");
}
public override void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Sleep.");
}
public virtual void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Run.");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal al = new Dog();
//在执行时,通过判断al的类型来决定执行哪个类中的哪个方法;
al.Eat(); // Dog Eat.
al.Sleep(); // Dog Sleep.
}
}
编译时多态:
- 类中定义的方法或操作符可能有不同的版本。
- 操作符重载:
operator
关键字 - public static 类型 operator 运算符(形参列表){ … }
- 方法重载:必须有相同的方法名、必须有不同的参数列表、可以有相同的返回值类型
例8:通过类图实现编译时多态的代码
public class Complex
{
public int A;
public int B;
public Complex(int a, int b)
{
this.A = a; //this表示在内存中Complex对象
this.B = b;
}
public static Complex operator +(Complex c1, Complex c2)
{
return new Complex(c1.A + c2.A, c1.B + c2.B);
}
public override string ToString()
{
return string.Format("{0}+{1}i", A, B);
}
}
public class Math
{
public int Add(int x, int y)
{
return x + y;
}
public double Add(double x, double y)
{
return x + y;
}
public Complex Add(Complex x, Complex y)
{
return x + y;
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Complex c1 = new Complex(1, 2);
Complex c2 = new Complex(3, 4);
Complex c3 = c1 + c2;
Console.WriteLine("C1={0}", c1); // C1=1+2i
Console.WriteLine("C2={0}", c2); // C2=3+4i
Console.WriteLine("C3={0}", c3); // C3=4+6i
Math mth = new Math();
Complex c4 = mth.Add(c2, c3);
//在编译时,根据参数列表决定执行哪个类中的哪个方法;
Console.WriteLine("C4={0}", c4); // C4=7+10i
}
}
总结:override
和overload
4.4 抽象方法与抽象类
- 抽象方法:可以看成没有实现体的虚方法(
abstract
),即只有方法的声明,需要在子类中覆写(override
)该方法。 - 抽象类:含有抽象方法的类。抽象类不可以直接实例化对象。
例9:根据类图实现代码
public abstract class Animal
{
public int Age;
public double Weight;
public abstract void Eat();
public abstract void Sleep();
}
public class Dog : Animal
{
public override void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Eat.");
}
public override void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Sleep.");
}
public void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Run.");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Animal al = new Dog();
al.Eat(); // Dog Eat.
al.Sleep(); // Dog Sleep.
((Dog)al).Run(); // Dog Run.
}
}
注意:
al.Run();
(错误)((Dog)al).Run();
(正确)
抽象类中并没有Run方法,如果使用需要强制类型转换。
Animal al = new Animal ();
(错误)
抽象类不可以直接实例化对象,系统会抛出异常。
总结:抽象方法和虚方法
例10:饲养系统
某饲养员(Raiser)在目前状态下需要饲养三种动物:狗(Dog)、鸟(Bird)和鱼(Fish),该三种动物只需要让其睡觉(Sleep)和吃饭(Eat)即可。
请设计该饲养系统,要求满足软件设计的“开闭原则”。
方案一:
public class Bird
{
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Sleep.");
}
public void Fly()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Fly.");
}
}
public class Dog
{
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Sleep.");
}
public void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Run.");
}
}
public class Fish
{
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Sleep.");
}
public void Swim()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Swim.");
}
}
public class Raiser
{
public void RaiseDog()
{
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.Eat();
dog.Sleep();
}
public void RaisBird()
{
Bird bird = new Bird();
bird.Eat();
bird.Sleep();
}
public void RaisFish()
{
Fish fish = new Fish();
fish.Eat();
fish.Sleep();
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Raiser rar = new Raiser();
rar.RaiseDog();
// Dog Eat.
// Dog Sleep.
rar.RaisBird();
// Bird Eat.
// Bird Sleep.
rar.RaisFish();
// Fish Eat.
// Fish Sleep.
}
}
方案二:
public class Bird
{
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Sleep.");
}
public void Fly()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Fly.");
}
}
public class Dog
{
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Sleep.");
}
public void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Run.");
}
}
public class Fish
{
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Eat.");
}
public void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Sleep.");
}
public void Swim()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Swim.");
}
}
public enum AnimalType
{
Dog,
Bird,
Fish
};
public class Raiser
{
public void Raise(AnimalType alt)
{
switch (alt)
{
case AnimalType.Bird:
Bird bird = new Bird();
bird.Eat();
bird.Sleep();
break;
case AnimalType.Dog:
Dog dog = new Dog();
dog.Eat();
dog.Sleep();
break;
case AnimalType.Fish:
Fish fish = new Fish();
fish.Eat();
fish.Sleep();
break;
}
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Raiser rar = new Raiser();
rar.Raise(AnimalType.Dog);
// Dog Eat.
// Dog Sleep.
rar.Raise(AnimalType.Bird);
// Bird Eat.
// Bird Sleep.
rar.Raise(AnimalType.Fish);
// Fish Eat.
// Fish Sleep.
}
}
方案三:
public abstract class Animal
{
public int Age;
public double Weight;
public abstract void Eat();
public abstract void Sleep();
}
public class Bird : Animal
{
public override void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Eat.");
}
public override void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Sleep.");
}
public void Fly()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bird Fly.");
}
}
public class Dog : Animal
{
public override void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Eat.");
}
public override void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Sleep.");
}
public void Run()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog Run.");
}
}
public class Fish : Animal
{
public override void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Eat.");
}
public override void Sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Sleep.");
}
public void Swim()
{
Console.WriteLine("Fish Swim.");
}
}
public class Raiser
{
public void Raise(Animal al)
{
al.Eat();
al.Sleep();
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Raiser rsr = new Raiser();
rsr.Raise(new Dog());
// Dog Eat.
// Dog Sleep.
rsr.Raise(new Bird());
// Bird Eat.
// Bird Sleep.
rsr.Raise(new Fish());
// Fish Eat.
// Fish Sleep.
}
}
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