dynamic_cast是c++中的一种强制类型转换
1.详细解释
dynamic_cast用于将一个子类对象的指针转换为父类对象的指针或引用(动态转换)
向上转型:子类对象->父类指针/引用(不需要转换)
向下转型:父类对象->子类指针/引用(用dynamic_cast转型是安全的)
2、适用范围
(1)dynamic_cast只能用于含有虚函数的类
(2)dynamic_cast会先检查是否能转换成功,能成功则转换,不能则返回0
请看下面一段代码:
情景一:
定义继承关系(无虚函数)如下:
class A
{
public:
void f(){}
};
class B : public A
{};
测试代码如下:
void Test1()
{
A a;
B b;
A* pa = &a;
B* pb = &b;
cout << "父类指针a:" << pa<<endl;
cout << "子类指针b:" <<pb<<endl;
cout << endl;
A* paNew1 = dynamic_cast<A*>(pa);
A* paNew1Static = static_cast<A*>(pa);
cout << "a:"<<pa << endl;
cout << "父类指针转换为父类指针(A->A):"<<paNew1 << endl;
cout << "静态转换:" << paNew1Static << endl;
cout << endl;
B* pbNew1 = dynamic_cast<B*>(pb);
B* pbNew1Static =static_cast<B*>(pb);
cout <<"b:"<< pb << endl;
cout <<"子类指针转换为子类指针(B->B):"<< paNew1 << endl;
cout << "静态转换" << pbNew1Static << endl;
cout << endl;
A* paNew2 = dynamic_cast<A*>(pb);//自然的转换
A* paNew2Static = static_cast<A*>(pb);//自然的转换
cout <<"b:"<< pb << endl;
cout << "子类指针转换为父类指针B->A"<<paNew2 << endl;
cout << "静态转换" << paNew2Static << endl;
cout << endl;
A* paNew3 = &b;
//B* pbNewA = dynamic_cast<B*>(pa); //编译错误
//B* pbNewA = dynamic_cast<B*>(paNew3); //编译错误
B* pbNewStatic = static_cast<B*>(pa);
cout << "子类地址:" << pa << endl; //静态可以
cout <<"静态转换:由父类转换为子类A->B"<< pbNew1 << endl;
cout << endl;
}
运行结果如下:
说明:
上述中在无虚函数的继承关系中,在父类指针转换为子类指针时,使用dynamic_cast转换都是编译不通过的,这就说明了(1)dynamic_cast只能用于含有虚函数的类
情景二:
定义继承关系(有虚函数)如下:
class A
{
public:
virtual void f(){}
};
class B : public A
{};
测试代码如下:
void Test2()
{
A a;
B b;
A* pa = &a;
B* pb = &b;
cout << "父类指针a:" << pa<<endl;
cout << "子类指针b:" <<pb<<endl;
cout << endl;
A* paNew1 = dynamic_cast<A*>(pa);
A* paNew1Static = static_cast<A*>(pa);
cout << "a:"<<pa << endl;
cout << "父类指针转换为父类指针(A->A):"<<paNew1 << endl;
cout << "静态转换:" << paNew1Static << endl;
cout << endl;
B* pbNew1 = dynamic_cast<B*>(pb);
B* pbNew1Static =static_cast<B*>(pb);
cout <<"b:"<< pb << endl;
cout <<"子类指针转换为子类指针(B->B):"<< paNew1 << endl;
cout << "静态转换" << pbNew1Static << endl;
cout << endl;
A* paNew2 = dynamic_cast<A*>(pb);//自然的转换
A* paNew2Static = static_cast<A*>(pb);//自然的转换
cout <<"b:"<< pb << endl;
cout << "子类指针转换为父类指针B->A"<<paNew2 << endl;
cout << "静态转换" << paNew2Static << endl;
cout << endl;
A* paNew3 = &b;
B* pbNewAToB1 = dynamic_cast<B*>(pa); //编译通过
B* pbNewAToB2 = dynamic_cast<B*>(paNew3); //编译通过
B* pbNewStatic1 = static_cast<B*>(pa);
B* pbNewStatic2 = static_cast<B*>(paNew3);
cout << "父类指针(指向父类)地址:" << pa << endl;
cout << "父类指针(指向子类)地址:" << paNew3 << endl;
cout << "动态转换:父类指针(指向父类)转换为子类指针A->B" << pbNewAToB1 << endl;
cout << "动态转换:父类指针(指向子类)转换为子类指针A->B" << pbNewAToB2 << endl;
cout <<"静态转换:父类指针(指向父类)转换为子类A->B"<< pbNewStatic1 << endl;
cout << "静态转换:父类指针(指向父类)转换为子类A->B" << pbNewStatic2 << endl;
cout << endl;
}
运行结果如下:
说明:(2)dynamic_cast会先检查是否能转换成功,能成功则转换,不能则返回0
什么时候dynamic_cast是安全的?如果父类指针或引用指向的是一个子类对象时,这时将指针转换为子类指针是安全的
什么时候不安全?父类的指针或引用没有指向一个子类对象,而是指向一个父类对象的时候,这个指针转换为子类对象将是不安全的