换元积分
分部积分
有理函数积分
无理函数积分
设
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y) 是二元有理多项式函数,现讨论以下三种形式的不定积分
∫
f
(
x
,
a
+
b
x
c
+
d
x
m
)
d
x
∫
f
(
x
,
a
x
2
+
b
x
+
c
)
d
x
∫
x
m
(
1
+
x
n
)
p
d
x
\begin{aligned} &\int f\left(x, \sqrt[m]{\frac{a+bx}{c+dx}}\right)dx\\ &\int f\left(x, \sqrt{ax^2+bx+c}\right)dx\\ &\int x^m(1+x^n)^pdx \end{aligned}
∫f(x,mc+dxa+bx)dx∫f(x,ax2+bx+c)dx∫xm(1+xn)pdx
(
i
)
(\text{i})
(i) 令
t
=
(
a
+
b
x
)
/
(
c
+
d
x
)
m
t=\sqrt[m]{(a+bx)/(c+dx)}
t=m(a+bx)/(c+dx),得
x
=
−
(
a
−
c
t
m
)
/
(
b
−
d
t
m
)
x=-(a-ct^m)/(b-dt^m)
x=−(a−ctm)/(b−dtm),然后可以化为对有理函数的不定积分。
( ii ) (\text{ii}) (ii) 对付这种积分的方法称作欧拉换元,分三种情况
( 1 ) \text(1) (1) a > 0 a>0 a>0
令 a x 2 + b x + c = t − a x \sqrt{ax^2+bx+c}=t-\sqrt{a}{x} ax2+bx+c=t−ax,于是得 b x + c = t 2 − 2 a x t bx+c=t^2-2\sqrt{a}x t bx+c=t2−2axt,整理得 x = ( t 2 − c ) / ( b + 2 a t ) x=(t^2-c)/({b+2\sqrt{a}t}) x=(t2−c)/(b+2at),然后可以化为对有理函数的积分。
( 2 ) (\text{2}) (2) c > 0 c>0 c>0
令 a x 2 + b x + c = t x − c \sqrt{ax^2+bx+c} = tx-c ax2+bx+c=tx−c,于是得 a x + b = t 2 x − 2 c t ax+b=t^2x-2ct ax+b=t2x−2ct,整理得 x = ( 2 c t + b ) / ( t 2 − 1 ) x=(2ct+b)/(t^2-1) x=(2ct+b)/(t2−1),然后可以化为对有理函数的积分。
( 3 ) (3) (3) a x 2 + b x + c = a ( x − μ ) ( x − λ ) ax^2+bx+c=a(x-\mu)(x-\lambda) ax2+bx+c=a(x−μ)(x−λ)
令 a x 2 + b x + c = a t ( x − μ ) \sqrt{ax^2+bx+c} = \sqrt{a}t(x-\mu) ax2+bx+c=at(x−μ),于是得 ( x − λ ) = t ( x − μ ) (x-\lambda)=t(x-\mu) (x−λ)=t(x−μ),整理得 x = ( μ t − λ ) / ( t − 1 ) x=(\mu t-\lambda)/(t-1) x=(μt−λ)/(t−1),然后可以化为对有理函数的积分。
三角换元法
设 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y) 是二元有理多项式函数,对 f ( sin ( x ) , cos ( x ) ) f(\sin(x), \cos(x)) f(sin(x),cos(x)) 的不定积分可以通过三角换元转化成有理函数的积分。
令
t
=
tan
x
2
t=\tan\frac{x}{2}
t=tan2x,则
sin
x
=
2
sin
x
2
cos
x
2
=
2
tan
x
2
1
+
tan
2
x
2
=
2
t
1
+
t
2
cos
x
=
2
cos
2
x
2
−
1
=
1
−
tan
2
x
2
1
+
tan
2
x
2
=
1
−
t
2
1
+
t
2
\begin{aligned} \sin x=2\sin\frac{x}{2}\cos\frac{x}{2}=\frac{2\tan\frac{x}{2}}{1+\tan^2\frac{x}{2}}=\frac{2t}{1+t^2}\\ \cos x=2\cos^2\frac{x}{2}-1=\frac{1-\tan^2\frac{x}{2}}{1+\tan^2\frac{x}{2}}=\frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2}\\ \end{aligned}
sinx=2sin2xcos2x=1+tan22x2tan2x=1+t22tcosx=2cos22x−1=1+tan22x1−tan22x=1+t21−t2
因为
x
=
2
arctan
t
x=2\arctan t
x=2arctant,所以
d
x
=
2
d
t
1
+
t
2
dx=\frac{2dt}{1+t^2}
dx=1+t22dt
所以
∫
f
(
sin
x
,
cos
x
)
d
x
=
∫
f
(
2
t
1
+
t
2
,
1
−
t
2
1
+
t
2
)
2
1
+
t
2
d
t
\int f(\sin x,\cos x)dx=\int f\left(\frac{2t}{1+t^2},\frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2}\right)\frac{2}{1+t^2}dt
∫f(sinx,cosx)dx=∫f(1+t22t,1+t21−t2)1+t22dt
这是有理函数积分。
积分表
一、
∫
a
x
d
x
=
a
x
ln
a
+
C
∫
e
x
d
x
=
e
x
+
C
∫
1
x
d
x
=
ln
∣
x
∣
+
C
∫
x
x
d
x
=
x
x
(
1
+
ln
x
)
+
C
∫
sin
x
d
x
=
−
cos
x
+
C
∫
cos
x
d
x
=
sin
x
+
C
∫
tan
x
d
x
=
ln
∣
sec
x
∣
+
C
∫
cot
x
d
x
=
ln
∣
sin
x
∣
+
C
∫
sec
x
d
c
=
ln
∣
sec
x
+
tan
x
∣
+
C
∫
csc
x
d
x
=
ln
∣
csc
x
−
cot
x
∣
+
C
∫
arcsin
x
d
x
=
x
arcsin
x
−
1
−
x
2
+
C
∫
arccos
x
d
x
=
x
arccos
x
+
1
−
x
2
+
C
∫
arctan
x
d
x
=
x
arctan
x
−
ln
1
+
x
2
+
C
\begin{aligned} &\int a^xdx=\frac{a^x}{\ln a}+C\\ &\int e^xdx=e^x+C\\ &\int \frac{1}{x}dx=\ln|x|+C\\ &\int x^xdx = x^x(1+\ln x)+C\\ &\int \sin xdx = -\cos x+C\\ &\int \cos xdx = \sin x+C\\ &\int \tan xdx=\ln|\sec x|+C\\ &\int \cot xdx=\ln|\sin x|+C\\ &\int \sec xdc=\ln|\sec x+\tan x|+C\\ &\int \csc xdx=\ln|\csc x-\cot x|+C\\ &\int \arcsin xdx=x\arcsin x-\sqrt{1-x^2}+C\\ &\int \arccos xdx=x\arccos x+\sqrt{1-x^2}+C\\ &\int \arctan xdx=x\arctan x-\ln\sqrt{1+x^2}+C\\ \end{aligned}
∫axdx=lnaax+C∫exdx=ex+C∫x1dx=ln∣x∣+C∫xxdx=xx(1+lnx)+C∫sinxdx=−cosx+C∫cosxdx=sinx+C∫tanxdx=ln∣secx∣+C∫cotxdx=ln∣sinx∣+C∫secxdc=ln∣secx+tanx∣+C∫cscxdx=ln∣cscx−cotx∣+C∫arcsinxdx=xarcsinx−1−x2+C∫arccosxdx=xarccosx+1−x2+C∫arctanxdx=xarctanx−ln1+x2+C
二、
∫
1
a
2
−
x
2
d
x
=
1
2
ln
∣
a
+
x
a
−
x
∣
+
C
∫
1
a
2
+
x
2
d
x
=
1
a
arctan
x
a
+
C
∫
1
a
2
−
x
2
d
x
=
arcsin
x
a
+
C
∫
a
2
−
x
2
=
x
2
a
2
−
x
2
+
a
2
2
arcsin
a
2
−
x
2
+
C
∫
1
x
2
±
a
2
=
ln
∣
x
+
x
2
±
a
2
∣
+
C
∫
x
2
±
a
2
=
x
2
x
2
±
a
2
+
ln
∣
x
+
x
2
±
a
2
∣
+
C
\begin{aligned} &\int\frac{1}{a^2-x^2}dx=\frac{1}{2}\ln\left|\frac{a+x}{a-x}\right|+C\\ &\int\frac{1}{a^2+x^2}dx=\frac{1}{a}\arctan\frac{x}{a}+C\\ &\int\frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}dx=\arcsin\frac{x}{a}+C\\ &\int\sqrt{a^2-x^2}=\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+\frac{a^2}{2}\arcsin\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+C\\ &\int\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2\pm a^2}}=\ln\left|x+\sqrt{x^2\pm a^2}\right|+C\\ &\int{\sqrt{x^2\pm a^2}}=\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2\pm a^2}+\ln\left|x+\sqrt{x^2\pm a^2}\right|+C\\ \end{aligned}
∫a2−x21dx=21ln∣∣∣∣a−xa+x∣∣∣∣+C∫a2+x21dx=a1arctanax+C∫a2−x21dx=arcsinax+C∫a2−x2=2xa2−x2+2a2arcsina2−x2+C∫x2±a21=ln∣∣∣x+x2±a2∣∣∣+C∫x2±a2=2xx2±a2+ln∣∣∣x+x2±a2∣∣∣+C
三、
∫
tan
n
x
d
x
=
tan
n
−
1
x
n
−
1
−
∫
tan
n
−
2
x
d
x
∫
tan
2
n
x
d
x
=
∑
k
=
1
n
(
−
1
)
n
−
k
tan
2
k
−
1
x
2
k
−
1
+
(
−
1
)
n
x
+
C
∫
tan
2
n
+
1
x
d
x
=
∑
k
=
1
n
(
−
1
)
n
−
k
tan
2
k
x
2
k
+
(
−
1
)
n
ln
∣
sec
x
∣
+
C
∫
cot
n
x
d
x
=
−
cot
n
−
1
x
n
−
1
−
∫
cot
n
−
2
x
d
x
∫
cot
2
n
x
d
x
=
−
∑
k
=
1
n
(
−
1
)
n
−
k
cot
2
k
−
1
x
2
k
−
1
+
(
−
1
)
n
x
+
C
∫
cot
2
n
+
1
x
d
x
=
−
∑
k
=
1
n
(
−
1
)
n
−
k
cot
2
k
x
2
k
+
(
−
1
)
n
ln
∣
sin
x
∣
+
C
∫
sin
n
d
x
=
sin
n
−
1
x
n
cos
x
+
n
−
1
n
∫
sin
n
−
2
x
d
x
∫
cos
n
d
x
=
cos
n
−
1
x
n
sin
x
+
n
−
1
n
∫
cos
n
−
2
x
d
x
∫
csc
n
d
x
=
−
csc
n
−
1
x
n
−
1
cos
x
+
n
−
2
n
−
1
∫
csc
n
−
2
x
d
x
∫
sec
n
d
x
=
sec
n
−
1
x
n
−
1
sin
x
+
n
−
2
n
−
1
∫
sec
n
−
2
x
d
x
\begin{aligned} &\int \tan^nxdx=\frac{\tan^{n-1}x}{n-1}-\int \tan^{n-2}xdx\\ &\int \tan^{2n}xdx=\sum_{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{n-k}\frac{\tan^{2k-1}x}{2k-1}+(-1)^nx+C\\ &\int \tan^{2n+1}xdx=\sum_{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{n-k}\frac{\tan^{2k}x}{2k}+(-1)^n\ln|\sec x|+C\\ &\int \cot^nxdx=-\frac{\cot^{n-1}x}{n-1}-\int \cot^{n-2}xdx\\ &\int \cot^{2n}xdx=-\sum_{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{n-k}\frac{\cot^{2k-1}x}{2k-1}+(-1)^nx+C\\ &\int \cot^{2n+1}xdx=-\sum_{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{n-k}\frac{\cot^{2k}x}{2k}+(-1)^n\ln|\sin x|+C\\ &\int \sin^n dx=\frac{\sin^{n-1}x}{n}\cos x+\frac{n-1}{n}\int \sin^{n-2}{x}dx\\ &\int \cos^n dx=\frac{\cos^{n-1}x}{n}\sin x+\frac{n-1}{n}\int \cos^{n-2}{x}dx\\ &\int \csc^n dx=-\frac{\csc^{n-1}x}{n-1}\cos x+\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int \csc^{n-2}x dx\\ &\int \sec^n dx=\frac{\sec^{n-1}x}{n-1}\sin x+\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int \sec^{n-2}x dx\\ \end{aligned}
∫tannxdx=n−1tann−1x−∫tann−2xdx∫tan2nxdx=k=1∑n(−1)n−k2k−1tan2k−1x+(−1)nx+C∫tan2n+1xdx=k=1∑n(−1)n−k2ktan2kx+(−1)nln∣secx∣+C∫cotnxdx=−n−1cotn−1x−∫cotn−2xdx∫cot2nxdx=−k=1∑n(−1)n−k2k−1cot2k−1x+(−1)nx+C∫cot2n+1xdx=−k=1∑n(−1)n−k2kcot2kx+(−1)nln∣sinx∣+C∫sinndx=nsinn−1xcosx+nn−1∫sinn−2xdx∫cosndx=ncosn−1xsinx+nn−1∫cosn−2xdx∫cscndx=−n−1cscn−1xcosx+n−1n−2∫cscn−2xdx∫secndx=n−1secn−1xsinx+n−1n−2∫secn−2xdx
四、
设
P
(
x
)
P(x)
P(x) 是
n
n
n 次多项式。
∫
e
a
x
P
(
x
)
d
x
=
e
a
x
a
∑
k
=
0
n
(
−
1
)
k
a
k
P
(
k
)
(
x
)
+
C
∫
e
−
x
P
(
x
)
d
x
=
−
e
−
x
∑
k
=
0
n
P
(
k
)
(
x
)
+
C
∫
sin
(
w
x
)
P
(
x
)
d
x
=
1
w
∑
k
=
0
n
1
w
k
sin
(
w
x
+
(
k
−
1
)
π
2
)
P
(
k
)
(
x
)
+
C
∫
e
a
x
sin
w
x
d
x
=
e
a
x
a
2
+
w
2
(
a
sin
w
x
−
w
cos
w
x
)
\begin{aligned} &\int e^{ax}P(x)dx=\frac{e^{ax}}{a}\sum_{k=0}^{n}\frac{(-1)^k}{a^k}P^{(k)}(x)+C\\ &\int e^{-x}P(x)dx=-e^{-x}\sum_{k=0}^{n}P^{(k)}(x)+C\\ &\int \sin(wx)P(x)dx=\frac{1}{w}\sum_{k=0}^{n}\frac{1}{w^k}\sin(wx+\frac{(k-1)\pi}{2})P^{(k)}(x)+C\\ &\int e^{ax}\sin wxdx=\frac{e^{ax}}{a^2+w^2}(a\sin wx-w\cos wx) \end{aligned}
∫eaxP(x)dx=aeaxk=0∑nak(−1)kP(k)(x)+C∫e−xP(x)dx=−e−xk=0∑nP(k)(x)+C∫sin(wx)P(x)dx=w1k=0∑nwk1sin(wx+2(k−1)π)P(k)(x)+C∫eaxsinwxdx=a2+w2eax(asinwx−wcoswx)