一般地,函数
y
=
f
(
x
)
y = f(x)
y=f(x) 的导数
y
′
=
f
′
(
x
)
y\ ' = f\ ' (x)
y ′=f ′(x) 仍然是
x
x
x 的函数。我们把
y
′
=
f
′
(
x
)
y\ ' = f\ ' (x)
y ′=f ′(x) 的导数叫做函数
y
=
f
(
x
)
y = f(x)
y=f(x) 的二阶导数,记作
y
′
′
y\ ''
y ′′ 或
d
2
y
d
x
2
\cfrac{\mathrm{d}^2 y}{\mathrm{d}x^2}
dx2d2y ,即
y
′
′
=
(
y
′
)
′
或
d
2
y
d
x
2
=
d
d
x
(
d
x
d
y
)
y'' = (y')' \quad 或 \quad \cfrac{\mathrm{d}^2 y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = \cfrac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x} \left( \cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}y} \right)
y′′=(y′)′或dx2d2y=dxd(dydx)
相应地,把
y
=
f
(
x
)
y = f(x)
y=f(x) 的导数
f
′
(
x
)
f'(x)
f′(x) 叫做函数
y
=
f
(
x
)
y = f(x)
y=f(x) 的一阶导数。
类似的,二阶导数的导数叫做三阶导数,三阶导数的导数叫做四阶导数
⋯
⋯
\cdots \cdots
⋯⋯ 一般地,
(
n
−
1
)
(n - 1)
(n−1) 阶导数的导数叫做
n
n
n 阶导数,分别记作
y
′
′
′
,
y
(
4
)
,
⋯
,
y
(
n
)
y''', y^{(4)}, \cdots , y^{(n)}
y′′′,y(4),⋯,y(n)
或
d
3
y
d
x
3
,
d
4
y
d
x
4
,
⋯
,
d
n
y
d
x
n
.
\cfrac{\mathrm{d}^3y}{\mathrm{d}x^3}, \cfrac{\mathrm{d}^4y}{\mathrm{d}x^4}, \cdots , \cfrac{\mathrm{d}^ny}{\mathrm{d}x^n} .
dx3d3y,dx4d4y,⋯,dxndny.
函数 y = f ( x ) y = f(x) y=f(x) 具有 n n n 阶导数,也常说成函数 y = f ( x ) y = f(x) y=f(x) 为 n n n 阶可导。如果函数 y = f ( x ) y = f(x) y=f(x) 在点 x x x 处具有 n n n 阶导数,那么 y = f ( x ) y = f(x) y=f(x) 在点 x x x 的某一去心邻域内必定具有一切低于 n n n 阶的导数。二阶及二阶以上的导数统称高阶导数。
例 求正弦函数与余弦函数的
n
n
n 阶导数。
解:
y
=
sin
x
,
y
′
=
cos
x
=
sin
(
x
+
π
2
)
,
y
′
′
=
cos
(
x
+
π
2
)
=
sin
(
x
+
π
2
+
π
2
)
=
sin
(
x
+
2
⋅
π
2
)
,
y
′
′
′
=
cos
(
x
+
2
⋅
π
2
)
=
sin
(
x
+
3
⋅
π
2
)
,
y
(
4
)
=
cos
(
x
+
3
⋅
π
2
)
=
sin
(
x
+
4
⋅
π
2
)
,
\begin{align*} y &= \sin x, \\ y' &= \cos x = \sin{\left( x + \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)} , \\ y'' &= \cos{\left( x + \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)} = \sin{\left( x + \cfrac{\pi}{2} + \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)} = \sin{\left( x + 2 \cdot \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)}, \\ y''' &= \cos{\left( x + 2 \cdot \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)} = \sin{\left( x + 3 \cdot \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)}, \\ y^{(4)} &= \cos{\left( x + 3 \cdot \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)} = \sin{\left( x + 4 \cdot \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)}, \end{align*}
yy′y′′y′′′y(4)=sinx,=cosx=sin(x+2π),=cos(x+2π)=sin(x+2π+2π)=sin(x+2⋅2π),=cos(x+2⋅2π)=sin(x+3⋅2π),=cos(x+3⋅2π)=sin(x+4⋅2π),
一般地,可得
y
(
n
)
=
sin
(
x
+
n
⋅
π
2
)
,
y^{(n)} = \sin{\left( x + n \cdot \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)} ,
y(n)=sin(x+n⋅2π),
即
(
sin
x
)
(
n
)
=
sin
(
x
+
n
⋅
π
2
)
(\sin x)^{(n)} = \sin{\left( x + n \cdot \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)}
(sinx)(n)=sin(x+n⋅2π)
用类似方法,可得
(
cos
x
)
(
n
)
=
cos
(
x
+
n
⋅
π
2
)
(\cos x)^{(n)} = \cos{\left( x + n \cdot \cfrac{\pi}{2} \right)}
(cosx)(n)=cos(x+n⋅2π)
例 求函数
y
=
ln
(
1
+
x
)
y = \ln{(1 + x)}
y=ln(1+x) 的
n
n
n 阶导数。
解:
y
′
=
1
1
+
x
y' = \cfrac{1}{1 + x}
y′=1+x1 ,
y
′
′
=
−
1
(
1
+
x
)
2
y'' = - \cfrac{1}{(1 + x)^2}
y′′=−(1+x)21 ,
y
′
′
′
=
1
⋅
2
(
1
+
x
)
3
y''' = \cfrac{1 \cdot 2}{(1 + x)^3}
y′′′=(1+x)31⋅2 ,
y
(
4
)
=
−
1
⋅
2
⋅
3
(
1
+
x
)
4
y^{(4)} = - \cfrac{1 \cdot 2 \cdot 3}{(1 + x)^4}
y(4)=−(1+x)41⋅2⋅3 ,
一般地,可得
y
(
n
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
(
n
−
1
)
!
(
1
+
x
)
n
,
y^{(n)} = (-1)^{n - 1} \cfrac{(n - 1)!}{(1 + x)^n} ,
y(n)=(−1)n−1(1+x)n(n−1)!,
即
[
ln
(
1
+
x
)
]
(
n
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
(
n
−
1
)
!
(
1
+
x
)
n
[\ln{(1 + x)}]^{(n)} = (-1)^{n - 1} \cfrac{(n - 1)!}{(1 + x)^n}
[ln(1+x)](n)=(−1)n−1(1+x)n(n−1)!
通常规定
0
!
=
1
0! = 1
0!=1 ,所以这个公式当
n
=
1
n = 1
n=1 时也成立。
例 求幂函数的
n
n
n 阶导数公式。
解:设
y
=
x
μ
(
μ
是任意常数
)
y = x^{\mu} (\mu 是任意常数)
y=xμ(μ是任意常数) ,那么
y
′
=
μ
x
μ
−
1
,
y
′
′
=
μ
(
μ
−
1
)
x
μ
−
2
,
y
′
′
′
=
μ
(
μ
−
1
)
(
μ
−
2
)
x
μ
−
3
,
y
(
4
)
=
μ
(
μ
−
1
)
(
μ
−
2
)
(
μ
−
3
)
x
μ
−
4
,
\begin{align*} y' &= \mu x^{\mu - 1} , \\ y'' &= \mu (\mu - 1) x^{\mu - 2} , \\ y''' &= \mu (\mu - 1) (\mu - 2) x^{\mu - 3} , \\ y^{(4)} &= \mu (\mu - 1) (\mu - 2) (\mu - 3) x^{\mu - 4} , \end{align*}
y′y′′y′′′y(4)=μxμ−1,=μ(μ−1)xμ−2,=μ(μ−1)(μ−2)xμ−3,=μ(μ−1)(μ−2)(μ−3)xμ−4,
一般地,可得
y
(
n
)
=
μ
(
μ
−
1
)
(
μ
−
2
)
⋯
(
μ
−
n
+
1
)
x
μ
−
n
,
y^{(n)} = \mu (\mu - 1) (\mu - 2) \cdots (\mu - n + 1) x^{\mu - n} ,
y(n)=μ(μ−1)(μ−2)⋯(μ−n+1)xμ−n,
即
(
x
μ
)
(
n
)
=
μ
(
μ
−
1
)
(
μ
−
2
)
⋯
(
μ
−
n
+
1
)
x
μ
−
n
.
(x^{\mu})^{(n)} = \mu (\mu - 1) (\mu - 2) \cdots (\mu - n + 1) x^{\mu - n} .
(xμ)(n)=μ(μ−1)(μ−2)⋯(μ−n+1)xμ−n.
当
μ
=
n
\mu = n
μ=n 时,得到
(
x
n
)
(
n
)
=
n
(
n
−
1
)
(
n
−
2
)
⋅
⋯
⋅
3
⋅
2
⋅
1
=
n
!
,
(x^{n})^{(n)} = n (n - 1) (n - 2) \cdot \ \cdots \ \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 = n! ,
(xn)(n)=n(n−1)(n−2)⋅ ⋯ ⋅3⋅2⋅1=n!,
而
(
x
n
)
(
n
+
k
)
=
0
(
k
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
)
.
(x^n)^{(n + k)} = 0 \quad (k = 1, 2, \cdots).
(xn)(n+k)=0(k=1,2,⋯).
如果函数
u
=
u
(
x
)
u = u(x)
u=u(x) 及
v
=
v
(
x
)
v = v(x)
v=v(x) 都在点
x
x
x 处具有
n
n
n 阶导数,那么显然
u
(
x
)
±
v
(
x
)
u(x) \pm v(x)
u(x)±v(x) 也在点
x
x
x 处具有
n
n
n 阶导数,且
(
u
±
v
)
(
n
)
=
u
(
n
)
±
v
(
n
)
.
(u \pm v)^{(n)} = u^{(n)} \pm v^{(n)} .
(u±v)(n)=u(n)±v(n).
但乘积
u
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
u(x) v(x)
u(x)v(x) 的
n
n
n 阶导数不简单。由
(
u
v
)
′
=
u
′
v
+
u
v
′
(uv)' = u' v + u v'
(uv)′=u′v+uv′
首先得出
(
u
v
)
′
′
=
u
′
′
v
+
2
u
′
v
′
+
u
v
′
′
,
(
u
v
)
′
′
′
=
u
′
′
′
v
+
3
u
′
′
v
′
+
3
u
′
v
′
′
+
u
v
′
′
′
.
\begin{align*} (uv)'' &= u'' v + 2 u' v' + u v'' , \\ (uv)''' &= u''' v + 3 u'' v' + 3 u' v'' + u v''' . \end{align*}
(uv)′′(uv)′′′=u′′v+2u′v′+uv′′,=u′′′v+3u′′v′+3u′v′′+uv′′′.
用数学归纳法可以证明
(
u
v
)
(
n
)
=
u
(
n
)
v
+
n
u
(
n
−
1
)
v
′
+
n
(
n
−
1
)
2
!
u
(
n
−
2
)
v
′
′
+
⋯
+
n
(
n
−
1
)
⋯
(
n
−
k
+
1
)
k
!
u
(
n
−
k
)
v
(
k
)
+
⋯
+
u
v
(
n
)
.
(uv)^{(n)} = u^{(n)} v + n u^{(n - 1)} v' + \cfrac{n (n - 1)}{2!} u^{(n - 2)} v'' + \cdots + \cfrac{n (n - 1) \cdots (n - k + 1)}{k!} u^{(n - k)} v^{(k)} + \cdots + u v^{(n)} .
(uv)(n)=u(n)v+nu(n−1)v′+2!n(n−1)u(n−2)v′′+⋯+k!n(n−1)⋯(n−k+1)u(n−k)v(k)+⋯+uv(n).
上式称为莱布尼茨(Leibniz)公式。按二项式定理展开写成
(
u
+
v
)
n
=
u
n
v
0
+
n
u
n
−
1
v
1
+
n
(
n
−
1
)
2
!
u
n
−
2
v
2
+
⋯
+
u
0
v
n
,
(u + v)^n = u^n v^0 + n u^{n - 1} v^1 + \cfrac{n (n - 1)}{2!} u^{n -2} v^2 + \cdots + u^0 v^n ,
(u+v)n=unv0+nun−1v1+2!n(n−1)un−2v2+⋯+u0vn,
即
(
u
+
v
)
n
=
∑
k
=
0
n
C
n
k
u
n
−
k
v
k
,
(u + v)^n = \sum_{k = 0}^{n} C_n^k u^{n - k} v^k ,
(u+v)n=k=0∑nCnkun−kvk,
把
k
k
k 次幂换成
k
k
k 阶导数(零阶导数理解为函数本身),再把左端的
u
+
v
u + v
u+v 换成
u
v
uv
uv ,这样就得到
(
u
v
)
n
=
∑
k
=
0
n
C
n
k
u
(
n
−
k
)
v
(
k
)
.
(u v)^n = \sum_{k = 0}^{n} C_n^k u^{(n - k)} v^{(k)} .
(uv)n=k=0∑nCnku(n−k)v(k).
例 设
y
=
x
2
e
2
x
y = x^2 \mathrm{e}^{2x}
y=x2e2x ,求
y
(
20
)
y^{(20)}
y(20) 。
解:设
u
=
e
2
x
u = \mathrm{e}^{2x}
u=e2x ,
v
=
x
2
v = x^2
v=x2 ,则
u
(
k
)
=
2
k
e
2
x
(
k
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
20
)
,
v
′
=
2
x
,
v
′
′
=
2
,
v
(
k
)
=
0
(
k
=
3
,
4
,
⋯
,
20
)
,
u^{(k)} = 2^k \mathrm{e}^{2x} \quad (k = 1, 2, \cdots , 20) , \\ v' = 2x, \quad v'' = 2, \quad v^{(k)} = 0 \quad (k = 3, 4, \cdots , 20) ,
u(k)=2ke2x(k=1,2,⋯,20),v′=2x,v′′=2,v(k)=0(k=3,4,⋯,20),
代入莱布尼茨公式,得
y
(
20
)
=
(
x
2
e
2
x
)
(
20
)
=
2
20
e
2
x
⋅
x
2
+
20
⋅
2
19
e
2
x
⋅
2
x
+
20
⋅
19
2
!
2
18
e
2
x
⋅
2
=
2
20
e
2
x
(
x
2
+
20
x
+
95
)
\begin{align*} y^{(20)} &= (x^2 \mathrm{e}^{2x})^{(20)} \\ &= 2^{20} \mathrm{e}^{2x} \cdot x^2 + 20 \cdot 2^{19} \mathrm{e}^{2x} \cdot 2x + \cfrac{20 \cdot 19}{2!} 2^{18} \mathrm{e}^{2x} \cdot 2 \\ &= 2^{20} \mathrm{e}^{2x} (x^2 + 20x +95) \end{align*}
y(20)=(x2e2x)(20)=220e2x⋅x2+20⋅219e2x⋅2x+2!20⋅19218e2x⋅2=220e2x(x2+20x+95)
原文链接:高等数学 2.3 高阶导数