我们发现,当图中的边数相对于顶点较少时,邻接矩阵是对存储空间的极大浪费。我们可以考虑对边或弧使用链式存储的方式来避免空间浪费的问题。回忆树结构的孩子表示法,将结点存入数组,并对结点的孩子进行链式存储,不管有多少孩子,也不会存在空间浪费问题。
应用这种思路,我们把这种数组与链表相结合的存储方法称为邻接表(Adjacency List)。
老师的代码
/**
* Adjacency list for directed graph.
*
* @author Fan Min minfanphd@163.com.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#define QUEUE_SIZE 10
/*************** Copied code begins *****************/
int* visitedPtr;
/**
* The structure of a graph.
*/
typedef struct Graph{
int** connections;
int numNodes;
} *GraphPtr;
/**
* Initialize a graph.
*/
GraphPtr initGraph(int paraSize, int** paraData) {
int i, j;
GraphPtr resultPtr = (GraphPtr)malloc(sizeof(struct Graph));
resultPtr -> numNodes = paraSize;
//resultPtr -> connections = (int**)malloc(paraSize * paraSize * sizeof(int));
resultPtr -> connections = (int**)malloc(paraSize * sizeof(int*));
for (i = 0; i < paraSize; i ++) {
resultPtr -> connections[i] = (int*)malloc(paraSize * sizeof(int));
for (j = 0; j < paraSize; j ++) {
resultPtr -> connections[i][j] = paraData[i][j];
}//Of for j
}//Of for i
return resultPtr;
}//Of initGraph
/**
* A queue with a number of indices.
*/
typedef struct GraphNodeQueue{
int* nodes;
int front;
int rear;
}GraphNodeQueue, *QueuePtr;
/**
* Initialize the queue.
*/
QueuePtr initQueue(){
QueuePtr resultQueuePtr = (QueuePtr)malloc(sizeof(struct GraphNodeQueue));
resultQueuePtr->nodes = (int*)malloc(QUEUE_SIZE * sizeof(int));
resultQueuePtr->front = 0;
resultQueuePtr->rear = 1;
return resultQueuePtr;
}//Of initQueue
/**
* Is the queue empty?
*/
bool isQueueEmpty(QueuePtr paraQueuePtr){
if ((paraQueuePtr->front + 1) % QUEUE_SIZE == paraQueuePtr->rear) {
return true;
}//Of if
return false;
}//Of isQueueEmpty
/**
* Add a node to the queue.
*/
void enqueue(QueuePtr paraQueuePtr, int paraNode){
if ((paraQueuePtr->rear + 1) % QUEUE_SIZE == paraQueuePtr->front % QUEUE_SIZE) {
printf("Error, trying to enqueue %d. queue full.\r\n", paraNode);
return;
}//Of if
paraQueuePtr->nodes[paraQueuePtr->rear] = paraNode;
paraQueuePtr->rear = (paraQueuePtr->rear + 1) % QUEUE_SIZE;
}//Of enqueue
/**
* Remove an element from the queue and return.
*/
int dequeue(QueuePtr paraQueuePtr){
if (isQueueEmpty(paraQueuePtr)) {
printf("Error, empty queue\r\n");
return NULL;
}//Of if
paraQueuePtr->front = (paraQueuePtr->front + 1) % QUEUE_SIZE;
//printf("dequeue %d ends.\r\n", paraQueuePtr->nodes[paraQueuePtr->front]);
return paraQueuePtr->nodes[paraQueuePtr->front];
}//Of dequeue
/*************** Copied code ends *****************/
/**
* Aajacent node.
*/
typedef struct AdjacencyNode {
int column;
AdjacencyNode* next;
}AdjacencyNode, *AdjacentNodePtr;
/**
* Aajacent list.
*/
typedef struct AdjacencyList {
int numNodes;
AdjacencyNode* headers;
}AdjacencyList, *AdjacencyListPtr;
/**
* Construct an adjacent list.
*/
AdjacencyListPtr graphToAdjacentList(GraphPtr paraPtr) {
//Allocate space.
int i, j, tempNum;
AdjacentNodePtr p, q;
tempNum = paraPtr->numNodes;
AdjacencyListPtr resultPtr = (AdjacencyListPtr)malloc(sizeof(struct AdjacencyList));
resultPtr->numNodes = tempNum;
resultPtr->headers = (AdjacencyNode*)malloc(tempNum * sizeof(struct AdjacencyNode));
//Fill the data.
for (i = 0; i < tempNum; i ++) {
//Initialize headers.
p = &(resultPtr->headers[i]);
p->column = -1;
p->next = NULL;
for (j = 0; j < tempNum; j ++) {
if (paraPtr->connections[i][j] > 0) {
//Create a new node.
q = (AdjacentNodePtr)malloc(sizeof(struct AdjacencyNode));
q->column = j;
q->next = NULL;
//Link.
p->next = q;
p = q;
}//Of if
}//Of for j
}//Of for i
return resultPtr;
}//Of graphToAdjacentList
/**
* Print an adjacent list.
*/
void printAdjacentList(AdjacencyListPtr paraPtr) {
int i;
AdjacentNodePtr p;
int tempNum = paraPtr->numNodes;
printf("This is the graph:\r\n");
for (i = 0; i < tempNum; i ++) {
p = paraPtr->headers[i].next;
while (p != NULL) {
printf("%d, ", p->column);
p = p->next;
}//Of while
printf("\r\n");
}//Of for i
}//Of printAdjacentList
/**
* Width first tranverse.
*/
void widthFirstTranverse(AdjacencyListPtr paraListPtr, int paraStart){
printf("width first \r\n");
//Use a queue to manage the pointers
int i, j, tempNode;
AdjacentNodePtr p;
i = 0;
//Initialize data
visitedPtr = (int*) malloc(paraListPtr->numNodes * sizeof(int));
for (i = 0; i < paraListPtr->numNodes; i ++) {
visitedPtr[i] = 0;
}//Of for i
QueuePtr tempQueuePtr = initQueue();
printf("%d\t", paraStart);
visitedPtr[paraStart] = 1;
enqueue(tempQueuePtr, paraStart);
// printf("After enqueue\r\n");
while (!isQueueEmpty(tempQueuePtr)) {
// printf("First while\r\n");
tempNode = dequeue(tempQueuePtr);
for (p = &(paraListPtr->headers[tempNode]); p != NULL; p = p->next) {
j = p->column;
// printf("j = %d \r\n", j);
if (visitedPtr[j])
continue;
printf("%d\t", j);
visitedPtr[j] = 1;
enqueue(tempQueuePtr, j);
}//Of for
}//Of while
printf("\r\n");
}//Of widthFirstTranverse
/**
* Test graph tranverse.
*/
void testGraphTranverse() {
int i, j;
int myGraph[5][5] = {
{0, 1, 0, 1, 0},
{1, 0, 1, 0, 1},
{0, 1, 0, 1, 1},
{1, 0, 1, 0, 0},
{0, 1, 1, 0, 0}};
int** tempPtr;
printf("Preparing data\r\n");
tempPtr = (int**)malloc(5 * sizeof(int*));
for (i = 0; i < 5; i ++) {
tempPtr[i] = (int*)malloc(5 * sizeof(int));
}//Of for i
for (i = 0; i < 5; i ++) {
for (j = 0; j < 5; j ++) {
//printf("i = %d, j = %d, ", i, j);
//printf("%d\r\n", tempPtr[i][j]);
tempPtr[i][j] = myGraph[i][j];
//printf("i = %d, j = %d, %d\r\n", i, j, tempPtr[i][j]);
}//Of for j
}//Of for i
printf("Data ready\r\n");
GraphPtr tempGraphPtr = initGraph(5, tempPtr);
AdjacencyListPtr tempListPtr = graphToAdjacentList(tempGraphPtr);
printAdjacentList(tempListPtr);
widthFirstTranverse(tempListPtr, 4);
}//Of testGraphTranverse
/**
* Entrance.
*/
int main(){
testGraphTranverse();
return 1;
}//Of main
运行结果
Preparing data
Data ready
This is the graph:
1, 3,
0, 2, 4,
1, 3, 4,
0, 2,
1, 2,
width first
4 1 2 0 3 Press any key to continue
我的代码
#include "stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "math.h"
#include "time.h"
#define OK 1
#define ERROR 0
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
#define MAXSIZE 9 /* 存储空间初始分配量 */
#define MAXEDGE 15
#define MAXVEX 9
typedef int Status; /* Status是函数的类型,其值是函数结果状态代码,如OK等 */
typedef int Boolean; /* Boolean是布尔类型,其值是TRUE或FALSE */
typedef char VertexType; /* 顶点类型应由用户定义 */
typedef int EdgeType; /* 边上的权值类型应由用户定义 */
/* 邻接矩阵结构 */
typedef struct
{
VertexType vexs[MAXVEX]; /* 顶点表 */
EdgeType arc[MAXVEX][MAXVEX];/* 邻接矩阵,可看作边表 */
int numVertexes, numEdges; /* 图中当前的顶点数和边数 */
}MGraph;
/* 邻接表结构****************** */
typedef struct EdgeNode /* 边表结点 */
{
int adjvex; /* 邻接点域,存储该顶点对应的下标 */
int weight; /* 用于存储权值,对于非网图可以不需要 */
struct EdgeNode *next; /* 链域,指向下一个邻接点 */
}EdgeNode;
typedef struct VertexNode /* 顶点表结点 */
{
int in; /* 顶点入度 */
char data; /* 顶点域,存储顶点信息 */
EdgeNode *firstedge;/* 边表头指针 */
}VertexNode, AdjList[MAXVEX];
typedef struct
{
AdjList adjList;
int numVertexes,numEdges; /* 图中当前顶点数和边数 */
}graphAdjList,*GraphAdjList;
/* **************************** */
/* 用到的队列结构与函数********************************** */
/* 循环队列的顺序存储结构 */
typedef struct
{
int data[MAXSIZE];
int front; /* 头指针 */
int rear; /* 尾指针,若队列不空,指向队列尾元素的下一个位置 */
}Queue;
/* 初始化一个空队列Q */
Status InitQueue(Queue *Q)
{
Q->front=0;
Q->rear=0;
return OK;
}
/* 若队列Q为空队列,则返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE */
Status QueueEmpty(Queue Q)
{
if(Q.front==Q.rear) /* 队列空的标志 */
return TRUE;
else
return FALSE;
}
/* 若队列未满,则插入元素e为Q新的队尾元素 */
Status EnQueue(Queue *Q,int e)
{
if ((Q->rear+1)%MAXSIZE == Q->front) /* 队列满的判断 */
return ERROR;
Q->data[Q->rear]=e; /* 将元素e赋值给队尾 */
Q->rear=(Q->rear+1)%MAXSIZE;/* rear指针向后移一位置, */
/* 若到最后则转到数组头部 */
return OK;
}
/* 若队列不空,则删除Q中队头元素,用e返回其值 */
Status DeQueue(Queue *Q,int *e)
{
if (Q->front == Q->rear) /* 队列空的判断 */
return ERROR;
*e=Q->data[Q->front]; /* 将队头元素赋值给e */
Q->front=(Q->front+1)%MAXSIZE; /* front指针向后移一位置, */
/* 若到最后则转到数组头部 */
return OK;
}
/* ****************************************************** */
void CreateMGraph(MGraph *G)
{
int i, j;
G->numEdges=15;
G->numVertexes=9;
/* 读入顶点信息,建立顶点表 */
G->vexs[0]='A';
G->vexs[1]='B';
G->vexs[2]='C';
G->vexs[3]='D';
G->vexs[4]='E';
G->vexs[5]='F';
G->vexs[6]='G';
G->vexs[7]='H';
G->vexs[8]='I';
for (i = 0; i < G->numVertexes; i++)/* 初始化图 */
{
for ( j = 0; j < G->numVertexes; j++)
{
G->arc[i][j]=0;
}
}
G->arc[0][1]=1;
G->arc[0][5]=1;
G->arc[1][2]=1;
G->arc[1][8]=1;
G->arc[1][6]=1;
G->arc[2][3]=1;
G->arc[2][8]=1;
G->arc[3][4]=1;
G->arc[3][7]=1;
G->arc[3][6]=1;
G->arc[3][8]=1;
G->arc[4][5]=1;
G->arc[4][7]=1;
G->arc[5][6]=1;
G->arc[6][7]=1;
for(i = 0; i < G->numVertexes; i++)
{
for(j = i; j < G->numVertexes; j++)
{
G->arc[j][i] =G->arc[i][j];
}
}
}
/* 利用邻接矩阵构建邻接表 */
void CreateALGraph(MGraph G,GraphAdjList *GL)
{
int i,j;
EdgeNode *e;
*GL = (GraphAdjList)malloc(sizeof(graphAdjList));
(*GL)->numVertexes=G.numVertexes;
(*GL)->numEdges=G.numEdges;
for(i= 0;i <G.numVertexes;i++) /* 读入顶点信息,建立顶点表 */
{
(*GL)->adjList[i].in=0;
(*GL)->adjList[i].data=G.vexs[i];
(*GL)->adjList[i].firstedge=NULL; /* 将边表置为空表 */
}
for(i=0;i<G.numVertexes;i++) /* 建立边表 */
{
for(j=G.numVertexes-1;j>=0;j--)
{
if (G.arc[i][j]==1)
{
e=(EdgeNode *)malloc(sizeof(EdgeNode));
//下面6句代码仅仅只是为了与图书中的206页图匹配,让生成的队列符合书中图示。
//实际构建无需这样,只需理解当前就是构建一个图结构的邻接表即可
if (i==1 && j==8)
e->adjvex=6;
else if (i==1 && j==6)
e->adjvex=8;
else
e->adjvex=j; /* 邻接序号为j */
//正常代码下如下
//e->adjvex=j; /* 邻接序号为j */
e->next=(*GL)->adjList[i].firstedge; /* 将当前顶点上的指向的结点指针赋值给e */
(*GL)->adjList[i].firstedge=e; /* 将当前顶点的指针指向e */
(*GL)->adjList[j].in++;
}
}
}
}
Boolean visited[MAXSIZE]; /* 访问标志的数组 */
/* 邻接表的深度优先递归算法 */
void DFS(GraphAdjList GL, int i)
{
EdgeNode *p;
visited[i] = TRUE;
printf("%c ",GL->adjList[i].data);/* 打印顶点,也可以其它操作 */
p = GL->adjList[i].firstedge;
while(p)
{
if(!visited[p->adjvex])
DFS(GL, p->adjvex);/* 对为访问的邻接顶点递归调用 */
p = p->next;
}
}
/* 邻接表的深度遍历操作 */
void DFSTraverse(GraphAdjList GL)
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < GL->numVertexes; i++)
visited[i] = FALSE; /* 初始所有顶点状态都是未访问过状态 */
for(i = 0; i < GL->numVertexes; i++)
if(!visited[i]) /* 对未访问过的顶点调用DFS,若是连通图,只会执行一次 */
DFS(GL, i);
}
/* 邻接表的广度遍历算法 */
void BFSTraverse(GraphAdjList GL)
{
int i;
EdgeNode *p;
Queue Q;
for(i = 0; i < GL->numVertexes; i++)
visited[i] = FALSE;
InitQueue(&Q);
for(i = 0; i < GL->numVertexes; i++)
{
if (!visited[i])
{
visited[i]=TRUE;
printf("%c ",GL->adjList[i].data);/* 打印顶点,也可以其它操作 */
EnQueue(&Q,i);
while(!QueueEmpty(Q))
{
DeQueue(&Q,&i);
p = GL->adjList[i].firstedge; /* 找到当前顶点的边表链表头指针 */
while(p)
{
if(!visited[p->adjvex]) /* 若此顶点未被访问 */
{
visited[p->adjvex]=TRUE;
printf("%c ",GL->adjList[p->adjvex].data);
EnQueue(&Q,p->adjvex); /* 将此顶点入队列 */
}
p = p->next; /* 指针指向下一个邻接点 */
}
}
}
}
}
int main(void)
{
MGraph G;
GraphAdjList GL;
CreateMGraph(&G);
CreateALGraph(G,&GL);
printf("\n深度遍历:");
DFSTraverse(GL);
printf("\n广度遍历:");
BFSTraverse(GL);
return 0;
}