使用 PyTorch 的聊天机器人 - NLP 和深度学习

核心知识点:

• NLP 基础知识：标记化、词干提取、词袋
• 如何预处理数据并将nltk其输入到神经网络
• 如何在 Pytorch 中实现前馈神经网络并进行训练
• 该实现应该对初学者来说很容易理解，并提供对聊天机器人的基本理解。
• 使用具有 2 个隐藏层的前馈神经网络可以很简单地实现。
• 自定义您自己的数据集非常简单。只需修改intents.json可能的模式和响应并重新运行训练即可

1）设置你的环境

让我们首先设置虚拟环境并安装PyTorch和nltk。

创建环境

随你喜欢（例如conda或venv）

mkdir myproject
$ cd myproject
$ python3 -m venv venv

激活它

Mac / Linux：

. venv/bin/activate

视窗：

venv\Scripts\activate

安装 PyTorch 和依赖项

有关 PyTorch 的安装请参阅官方网站。

您还需要nltk：

pip install nltk

如果在第一次运行期间出现错误，您还需要安装nltk.tokenize.punkt：在终端中运行一次：

$ python
>>> import nltk
>>> nltk.download('punkt')

2）创建训练数据

我们需要在 json 文件中创建训练数据（intents.json）。它具有以下结构：

{
  "intents": [
    {
      "tag": "greeting",
      "patterns": [
        "Hi",
        "Hey",
        "How are you",
        "Is anyone there?",
        "Hello",
        "Good day"
      ],
      "responses": [
        "Hey :-)",
        "Hello, thanks for visiting",
        "Hi there, what can I do for you?",
        "Hi there, how can I help?"
      ]
    },
    ...
  ]
}

您可以根据自己的用例进行自定义。只需为聊天机器人定义一个新的tag、可能的patterns和可能的。每当修改此文件时，您都必须重新运行训练。responses

3）NLP 基础

我们不能直接将输入句子传递给我们的神经网络。我们必须以某种方式将模式字符串转换为网络可以理解的数字。为此，我们将每个句子转换为所谓的词袋（bow）。为此，我们需要收集训练词，即我们的机器人可以在训练数据中查看的所有单词。基于所有这些单词，我们可以计算每个新句子的词袋。词袋的大小与所有单词数组相同，如果单词在传入的句子中可用，则每个位置包含 1，否则包含 0。这是一个直观的示例：

在我们计算弓之前，我们应用了另外两种 NLP 技术：标记化和词干提取。

• 标记化：将字符串拆分为有意义的单元（例如单词、标点符号、数字）

例子：

"what would you do with 1000000$?"
[ “what”, “would”, “you”, “do”, “with”, “1000000”, “$”, “?”]

• 词干提取 生成单词的词根形式。这是一种粗略的启发式方法，可以切断单词的结尾

例子：

[“organize”, “organizes”, “organizing”]
[ “organ”, “organ”, “organ”]

对于标签，我们按字母顺序对其进行排序，然后使用索引作为类标签。我们的整个预处理流程如下所示：

4）实现 NLP 实用程序

为此，我们使用nltk模块。NLTK（自然语言工具包）是用于构建处理人类语言数据的 Python 程序的领先平台。它提供了许多有用的方法供我们使用。

# nltk_utils.py
import numpy as np
import nltk
# nltk.download('punkt')
from nltk.stem.porter import PorterStemmer
stemmer = PorterStemmer()

def tokenize(sentence):
    """
    split sentence into array of words/tokens
    a token can be a word or punctuation character, or number
    """
    return nltk.word_tokenize(sentence)


def stem(word):
    """
    stemming = find the root form of the word
    examples:
    words = ["organize", "organizes", "organizing"]
    words = [stem(w) for w in words]
    -> ["organ", "organ", "organ"]
    """
    return stemmer.stem(word.lower())


def bag_of_words(tokenized_sentence, words):
    """
    return bag of words array:
    1 for each known word that exists in the sentence, 0 otherwise
    example:
    sentence = ["hello", "how", "are", "you"]
    words = ["hi", "hello", "I", "you", "bye", "thank", "cool"]
    bog   = [  0 ,    1 ,    0 ,   1 ,    0 ,    0 ,      0]
    """
    # stem each word
    sentence_words = [stem(word) for word in tokenized_sentence]
    # initialize bag with 0 for each word
    bag = np.zeros(len(words), dtype=np.float32)
    for idx, w in enumerate(words):
        if w in sentence_words: 
            bag[idx] = 1

    return bag

5）实现神经网络

使用具有 2 个隐藏层的前馈神经网络可以很容易地实现：

# model.py
import torch
import torch.nn as nn


class NeuralNet(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, num_classes):
        super(NeuralNet, self).__init__()
        self.l1 = nn.Linear(input_size, hidden_size) 
        self.l2 = nn.Linear(hidden_size, hidden_size) 
        self.l3 = nn.Linear(hidden_size, num_classes)
        self.relu = nn.ReLU()

    def forward(self, x):
        out = self.l1(x)
        out = self.relu(out)
        out = self.l2(out)
        out = self.relu(out)
        out = self.l3(out)
        # no activation and no softmax at the end
        return out

6）实施训练流程

把所有内容放在一起：

# train.py
import numpy as np
import random
import json

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.data import Dataset, DataLoader

from nltk_utils import bag_of_words, tokenize, stem
from model import NeuralNet

with open('intents.json', 'r') as f:
    intents = json.load(f)

all_words = []
tags = []
xy = []
# loop through each sentence in our intents patterns
for intent in intents['intents']:
    tag = intent['tag']
    # add to tag list
    tags.append(tag)
    for pattern in intent['patterns']:
        # tokenize each word in the sentence
        w = tokenize(pattern)
        # add to our words list
        all_words.extend(w)
        # add to xy pair
        xy.append((w, tag))

# stem and lower each word
ignore_words = ['?', '.', '!']
all_words = [stem(w) for w in all_words if w not in ignore_words]
# remove duplicates and sort
all_words = sorted(set(all_words))
tags = sorted(set(tags))

# create training data
X_train = []
y_train = []
for (pattern_sentence, tag) in xy:
    # X: bag of words for each pattern_sentence
    bag = bag_of_words(pattern_sentence, all_words)
    X_train.append(bag)
    # y: PyTorch CrossEntropyLoss needs only class labels, not one-hot
    label = tags.index(tag)
    y_train.append(label)

X_train = np.array(X_train)
y_train = np.array(y_train)

# Hyper-parameters 
num_epochs = 1000
batch_size = 8
learning_rate = 0.001
input_size = len(X_train[0])
hidden_size = 8
output_size = len(tags)

class ChatDataset(Dataset):

    def __init__(self):
        self.n_samples = len(X_train)
        self.x_data = X_train
        self.y_data = y_train

    # support indexing such that dataset[i] can be used to get i-th sample
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        return self.x_data[index], self.y_data[index]

    # we can call len(dataset) to return the size
    def __len__(self):
        return self.n_samples

dataset = ChatDataset()
train_loader = DataLoader(dataset=dataset,
                          batch_size=batch_size,
                          shuffle=True,
                          num_workers=2)

device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')

model = NeuralNet(input_size, hidden_size, output_size).to(device)

# Loss and optimizer
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=learning_rate)

# Train the model
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
    for (words, labels) in train_loader:
        words = words.to(device)
        labels = labels.to(device)

        # Forward pass
        outputs = model(words)
        # if y would be one-hot, we must apply
        # labels = torch.max(labels, 1)[1]
        loss = criterion(outputs, labels)

        # Backward and optimize
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()

    if (epoch+1) % 100 == 0:
        print (f'Epoch [{epoch+1}/{num_epochs}], Loss: {loss.item():.4f}')


print(f'final loss: {loss.item():.4f}')

data = {
"model_state": model.state_dict(),
"input_size": input_size,
"hidden_size": hidden_size,
"output_size": output_size,
"all_words": all_words,
"tags": tags
}

FILE = "data.pth"
torch.save(data, FILE)

print(f'training complete. file saved to {FILE}')

7）实现聊天功能

加载训练好的模型并对新句子进行预测：

# chat.py
import random
import json

import torch

from model import NeuralNet
from nltk_utils import bag_of_words, tokenize

device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')

with open('intents.json', 'r') as json_data:
    intents = json.load(json_data)

FILE = "data.pth"
data = torch.load(FILE)

input_size = data["input_size"]
hidden_size = data["hidden_size"]
output_size = data["output_size"]
all_words = data['all_words']
tags = data['tags']
model_state = data["model_state"]

model = NeuralNet(input_size, hidden_size, output_size).to(device)
model.load_state_dict(model_state)
model.eval()

bot_name = "Sam"
print("Let's chat! (type 'quit' to exit)")
while True:
    # sentence = "do you use credit cards?"
    sentence = input("You: ")
    if sentence == "quit":
        break

    sentence = tokenize(sentence)
    X = bag_of_words(sentence, all_words)
    X = X.reshape(1, X.shape[0])
    X = torch.from_numpy(X).to(device)

    output = model(X)
    _, predicted = torch.max(output, dim=1)

    tag = tags[predicted.item()]

    probs = torch.softmax(output, dim=1)
    prob = probs[0][predicted.item()]
    if prob.item() > 0.75:
        for intent in intents['intents']:
            if tag == intent["tag"]:
                print(f"{bot_name}: {random.choice(intent['responses'])}")
    else:
        print(f"{bot_name}: I do not understand...")

8）使用

恭喜！您已实现聊天机器人！现在只需运行训练并开始聊天😊。

跑步

python train.py

这将转储data.pth文件。然后运行

python chat.py

正如开头提到的，您可以根据自己的需求进行自定义。只需修改intents.json可能的模式和响应，然后重新运行训练即可。