C++设计模式（十二）—状态模式

状态模式

当一个对象的内在状态改变时允许改变其行为，这个对象看起来像是改变了其类。

本文使用书中工作状态的例子，代码使用C++语言描述，代码存在的不足或问题有望各位指出。

（1）状态模式框架

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Context;
class State
{
public:
    State(){}
    virtual ~State(){}
    virtual void handle(Context *context)=0;
};

class ConcreteStateB;
class ConcreteStateA: public State
{
public:
    void handle(Context *context) override;

};

class ConcreteStateB: public State
{
public:
    void handle(Context *context) override;

};

class Context
{
//  friend State;
public:
    Context(State *state)
    {
        this->state =state;
    }
    ~Context()
    {
        delete state;

    }
    State* get()
    {
        return state;
    }
    void set( State *state)
    {
        this->state = state;
        cout << "当前状态：" <<endl;
    }
    void Request()
    {
        state->handle(this);
    }

private:
    State *state;
};

void ConcreteStateA::handle(Context *context)
{

    context->set(new ConcreteStateB());
    cout << "ConcreteStateA"<<endl;
}


void ConcreteStateB::handle(Context *context)
{
    context->set(new ConcreteStateA());
    cout<< "ConcreteStateB" <<endl;
}


int main()
{
    Context *c =new Context(new ConcreteStateA());
    c->Request();
    c->Request();
    c->Request();
    c->Request();
    delete c;
    return 0;

}

(2) 工作状态实现状态模式

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Work;
class State
{
public:
    State(){}
    virtual ~State(){}
    virtual void writeProgram(Work *w)=0;

};

//上午工作状态
class ForenoonState: public State
{
public:
    void writeProgram(Work *w) override;
};

//下午工作状态
class NoonState:public State
{
public:
    void writeProgram(Work *w) override;
};

//傍晚工作状态
class AfternoonState: public State
{
public:
    void writeProgram(Work *w) override;

};

//晚间工作状态
class EveningState:public State
{
public:
    void writeProgram(Work *w) override;

};

//睡眠状态
class SleepingState:public State
{
public:
    void writeProgram(Work *w) override;

};

//下班休息状态
class RestState: public State
{
public:
    void writeProgram(Work *w) override;
};


class Work
{
public:
    Work()
    {
        current = new ForenoonState();
    }
    ~Work()
    {
        delete current;
    }
    double getHour()
    {
        return hour;
    }
    void setHour(double value)
    {
        hour = value;
    }
    bool taskFinished()
    {
        return finish;
    }
    void setTaskFinished(bool value)
    {
        finish = value;
    }
    void setState(State *s)
    {
        current =s;

    }
    void writeProgram()
    {

        current->writeProgram(this);
    }
private:
    State *current;
    double hour;
    bool finish=false;
};

void ForenoonState::writeProgram(Work *w)
{
    if(w->getHour() < 12)
        cout << "当前时间:"<<w->getHour()<<"点 上午工作，精神百倍"<<endl;
    else
    {
        w->setState(new NoonState());
        w->writeProgram();
    }
}

void NoonState::writeProgram(Work *w)
{
    if(w->getHour()<13)
    {
        cout << "当前时间:"<<w->getHour()<<"点 饿了，午饭；犯困，午休。"<<endl;

    }
    else
    {
        w->setState(new AfternoonState());
        w->writeProgram();
    }

};

void AfternoonState::writeProgram(Work *w)
{
    if(w->getHour()<17)
    {
        cout << "当前时间:"<<w->getHour()<<"点 下午状态还不错，继续努力。"<<endl;
    }
    else
    {
        w->setState(new EveningState());
        w->writeProgram();
    }

}


void EveningState::writeProgram(Work *w)
{
    if(w->taskFinished())
    {
        w->setState(new RestState());
        w->writeProgram();
    }
    else
    {
        if(w->getHour()<21)
        {
            cout << "当前时间:"<<w->getHour()<<"点 加班呦，疲累之极。"<<endl;
        }
        else
        {
            w->setState(new EveningState());
            w->writeProgram();
        }
    }


}
void SleepingState::writeProgram(Work *w)
{
    cout << "当前时间:"<<w->getHour()<<"点 不行了，睡着了。"<<endl;

}
void RestState::writeProgram(Work *w)
{
    cout << "当前时间:"<<w->getHour()<<"点 下班回家了。"<<endl;
}

int main()
{

    Work *emergencyProjects = new Work();
    emergencyProjects->setHour(9);
    emergencyProjects->writeProgram();
    emergencyProjects->setHour(10);
    emergencyProjects->writeProgram();
    emergencyProjects->setHour(12);
    emergencyProjects->writeProgram();
    emergencyProjects->setHour(13);
    emergencyProjects->writeProgram();
    emergencyProjects->setHour(14);
    emergencyProjects->writeProgram();
    emergencyProjects->setHour(17);
    emergencyProjects->writeProgram();

    emergencyProjects->setTaskFinished(false);
    emergencyProjects->setHour(19);
    emergencyProjects->writeProgram();
    emergencyProjects->setHour(22);
    emergencyProjects->writeProgram();
    delete emergencyProjects;
    return 0;

}

状态模式好处与用处

1、状态模式的好处是将与特定状态相关的行为局部化，并且将不同状态的行为分隔开来。就是将特定的状态相关的行为都放入一个对象中，由于所有与状态相关的代码都存在于某个ConcreteState中，所以通过定义新的子类很容易地增加新的状态和转换。

2、目的为了消除庞大的条件分支语句，状态模式通过把各种状态转移逻辑分布到State的子类之间，来减少相互间的依赖。

3、当一个对象的行为取决于它的状态，并且他必须在运行时刻根据状态改变它的行为时，就可以考虑使用状态模式了。