C++状态模式（State）

状态模式（State Pattern）是一种行为设计模式，它允许对象在内部状态改变时改变其行为。状态模式将状态的相关行为封装到独立的状态类中，并通过在这些状态类之间切换来改变对象的行为。这样可以使状态转换变得更加明确和易于管理。

实际应用场景

假设我们有一个简单的电梯控制系统。电梯可以处于不同的状态，例如停止、向上移动、向下移动。每种状态下，电梯的行为是不同的。我们可以使用状态模式来管理电梯的这些状态和行为。

代码示例

下面是一个使用状态模式实现电梯控制系统的示例代码：

1. 定义状态接口

首先，我们定义一个表示电梯状态的接口 ElevatorState，该接口包含电梯在不同状态下的行为方法。

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

// 电梯状态接口
class ElevatorState {
public:
    virtual ~ElevatorState() = default;
    virtual void moveUp() = 0;
    virtual void moveDown() = 0;
    virtual void stop() = 0;
};

class ElevatorContext; // 前向声明

2. 定义具体状态类

然后，我们定义具体的状态类，例如 MovingUpState、MovingDownState 和 StoppedState，每个状态类实现 ElevatorState 接口。

class MovingUpState : public ElevatorState {
public:
    explicit MovingUpState(ElevatorContext* context) : context_(context) {}

    void moveUp() override {
        std::cout << "Already moving up." << std::endl;
    }

    void moveDown() override {
        std::cout << "Cannot move down while moving up." << std::endl;
    }

    void stop() override;

private:
    ElevatorContext* context_;
};

class MovingDownState : public ElevatorState {
public:
    explicit MovingDownState(ElevatorContext* context) : context_(context) {}

    void moveUp() override {
        std::cout << "Cannot move up while moving down." << std::endl;
    }

    void moveDown() override {
        std::cout << "Already moving down." << std::endl;
    }

    void stop() override;

private:
    ElevatorContext* context_;
};

class StoppedState : public ElevatorState {
public:
    explicit StoppedState(ElevatorContext* context) : context_(context) {}

    void moveUp() override;
    void moveDown() override;
    void stop() override {
        std::cout << "Already stopped." << std::endl;
    }

private:
    ElevatorContext* context_;
};

3. 定义电梯上下文类

接下来，我们定义一个电梯上下文类 ElevatorContext，它持有当前状态的实例，并提供改变状态的方法。

class ElevatorContext {
public:
    ElevatorContext() : state_(std::make_unique<StoppedState>(this)) {}

    void setState(std::unique_ptr<ElevatorState> state) {
        state_ = std::move(state);
    }

    void moveUp() {
        state_->moveUp();
    }

    void moveDown() {
        state_->moveDown();
    }

    void stop() {
        state_->stop();
    }

private:
    std::unique_ptr<ElevatorState> state_;
};

4. 实现状态转换

最后，我们在具体状态类中实现状态转换的方法。

void MovingUpState::stop() {
    std::cout << "Stopping from moving up." << std::endl;
    context_->setState(std::make_unique<StoppedState>(context_));
}

void MovingDownState::stop() {
    std::cout << "Stopping from moving down." << std::endl;
    context_->setState(std::make_unique<StoppedState>(context_));
}

void StoppedState::moveUp() {
    std::cout << "Starting to move up." << std::endl;
    context_->setState(std::make_unique<MovingUpState>(context_));
}

void StoppedState::moveDown() {
    std::cout << "Starting to move down." << std::endl;
    context_->setState(std::make_unique<MovingDownState>(context_));
}

5. 使用示例

int main() {
    ElevatorContext elevator;

    // 电梯从停止状态开始
    elevator.moveUp();    // 输出: Starting to move up.
    elevator.moveUp();    // 输出: Already moving up.
    elevator.stop();      // 输出: Stopping from moving up.
    elevator.moveDown();  // 输出: Starting to move down.
    elevator.stop();      // 输出: Stopping from moving down.
    elevator.moveDown();  // 输出: Starting to move down.

    return 0;
}

完整代码

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

// 电梯状态接口
class ElevatorState {
public:
    virtual ~ElevatorState() = default;
    virtual void moveUp() = 0;
    virtual void moveDown() = 0;
    virtual void stop() = 0;
};
class ElevatorContext; // 前向声明

class MovingUpState : public ElevatorState {
public:
    explicit MovingUpState(ElevatorContext* context) : context_(context) {}

    void moveUp() override {
        std::cout << "Already moving up." << std::endl;
    }

    void moveDown() override {
        std::cout << "Cannot move down while moving up." << std::endl;
    }

    void stop() override;

private:
    ElevatorContext* context_;
};

class MovingDownState : public ElevatorState {
public:
    explicit MovingDownState(ElevatorContext* context) : context_(context) {}

    void moveUp() override {
        std::cout << "Cannot move up while moving down." << std::endl;
    }

    void moveDown() override {
        std::cout << "Already moving down." << std::endl;
    }

    void stop() override;

private:
    ElevatorContext* context_;
};

class StoppedState : public ElevatorState {
public:
    explicit StoppedState(ElevatorContext* context) : context_(context) {}

    void moveUp() override;
    void moveDown() override;
    void stop() override {
        std::cout << "Already stopped." << std::endl;
    }

private:
    ElevatorContext* context_;
};
class ElevatorContext {
public:
    ElevatorContext() : state_(std::make_unique<StoppedState>(this)) {}

    void setState(std::unique_ptr<ElevatorState> state) {
        state_ = std::move(state);
    }

    void moveUp() {
        state_->moveUp();
    }

    void moveDown() {
        state_->moveDown();
    }

    void stop() {
        state_->stop();
    }

private:
    std::unique_ptr<ElevatorState> state_;
};
void MovingUpState::stop() {
    std::cout << "Stopping from moving up." << std::endl;
    context_->setState(std::make_unique<StoppedState>(context_));
}

void MovingDownState::stop() {
    std::cout << "Stopping from moving down." << std::endl;
    context_->setState(std::make_unique<StoppedState>(context_));
}

void StoppedState::moveUp() {
    std::cout << "Starting to move up." << std::endl;
    context_->setState(std::make_unique<MovingUpState>(context_));
}

void StoppedState::moveDown() {
    std::cout << "Starting to move down." << std::endl;
    context_->setState(std::make_unique<MovingDownState>(context_));
}
int main() {
    ElevatorContext elevator;

    // 电梯从停止状态开始
    elevator.moveUp();    // 输出: Starting to move up.
    elevator.moveUp();    // 输出: Already moving up.
    elevator.stop();      // 输出: Stopping from moving up.
    elevator.moveDown();  // 输出: Starting to move down.
    elevator.stop();      // 输出: Stopping from moving down.
    elevator.moveDown();  // 输出: Starting to move down.

    return 0;
}

总结

在这个示例中，我们使用状态模式将电梯的不同状态（停止、向上移动、向下移动）封装到独立的状态类中。电梯上下文类 ElevatorContext 持有当前状态的实例，并通过调用状态对象的方法来改变电梯的行为和状态。这使得状态转换变得更加明确和易于管理，同时也提高了代码的可维护性和可扩展性。