非谓语动词

非谓语动词

• 谓语动词能够表达时间、状态、语气，通过动词的变位实现；这里的谓语动词是被主语限制的，跟主语直接相关的，因此谓语动词也可称为限定性动词。
• 谓语动词是句子的核心。
• 句子中只能有一个谓语动词，其余的都是非谓语动词。

动词不定式

• 一般情况下，不定式为：to+动词原形
• 有时to会被省略

不定式作主语

• To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit.
  • To eat为不定式
  • To eat a carrot every day为主语
• It is good for the rabbit to eat a carrot every day.
  • It为形式主语，指的是To eat a carrot every day

不定式作宾语

• The rabbit likes to eat carrots.
  • to eat为不定式
  • 注意：并非所有的动词都可以加不定式作宾语
• I consider the rabbit smart.
  • consider为动词
  • rabbit为宾语
  • smart为宾语补足语
• I consider it important to eat a carrot every day.
  • it为形式宾语，指的是to eat a carrot every day

不定式作宾语补语

• The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.
  • to eat a carrot为不定式作宾语补语，用来补充the wolf的动作，代表the rabbit希望the wolf做的动作
• see, find, watch, have, make, let等这类使役动词用不定式作宾补时，需要省略 to
  • Carrots make the rabbit feel happy.
• 有些词省不省略 to 都是正确的表达
  • The wolf helped the rabbit grow carrots.
  • The wolf helped the rabbit to grow carrots.

不定式作主语补语

• The rabbit’s dream is to eat every kind of carrot in the world.
  • is为系动词
  • to eat every kind of carrot in the world为主语补语

不定式作定语

• The rabbit has a lot of carrots to eat.
  • 其中不定式to eat作后置定语修饰carrots，表示carrots是会被吃的

不定式作状语

• 表原因：
  • I was surprised to get a thumbs-up.
• 表目的：
  • I will do anything to get a thumbs-up.
• 表结果
  • I got enough thumbs-up to make another video.

高级不定式

• to be eating a carrot
• to have eaten a carrot
• to have been eating a carrot

动名词

• 一般在动词结尾+ing

动名词作主语

• Eating carrots is healthy for the habbit.
  • Eating carrots是主语，为动名词短语
  • is是系动词
  • healthy是主语补语（表语）

动名词作表语

• The rabbit’s hobby is growing carrots.
  • growing carrots是表语，为动名词短语
• Seeing is believing.

动名词作定语

• a sleeping pill
  • sleeping当名词使用，意思为a pill for sleeping

动名词作宾语

• The rabbit likes eating carrots.（动名词作宾语）
• The rabbit likes to eat carrots.（不定式作宾语）

注意，不是任何的不定式和动名词都可以作宾语

有若干个，后面只能加动名词的动词或词组

• enjoy, avoid, advise, consider, escape, mind, practice, insist on, give up, feel like, put off

• 动名词作宾语，通常代表这件事正在做，已经做过

• 不定式作宾语，通常代表这件事打算去做，还没做

介词+宾语

用动名词

• The rabbit is fond of eating carrots.
• The rabbit is looking forward to seeing the wolf again.
  • 注意这里的to是在动词短语中的，不能看作不定式中的to

现在分词

现在分词作定语

• a sleeping rabbit（现在分词作定语）
  • 这里的sleeping是现在分词，相当于是形容词，在睡觉的兔子
• a sleeping pill（动名词作定语）
  • 这里的sleeping是动名词，相当于是名词，表示a pill for sleeping

现在分词作表语

• The rabbit is charming

现在分词作宾语补足语

• The wolf saw the rabbit eating a carrot（现在分词）
  • 强调动作正在进行
• The wolf saw the rabbit eat a carrot（动词不定式）
  • 强调动作发生过

现在分词作状语

• Hearing the news, the rabbit became excited.
  • 相当于时间状语从句
• Not knowing what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch.
  • 相当于原因状语从句

过去分词

• 常见结构：动词原形+ed

过去分词作定语

• minced meat
  • 可以看作形容词，被绞的肉
• 过去分词短语作定语，应该放在名词之后，即后置定语
  • The carrot cake eaten by rabbit is delicious.

过去分词作表语

• The story is interesting.
  • 故事让人感到有兴趣，暗含主动
• The rabbit is interested.
  • 兔子感到有兴趣，暗含被动

过去分词作宾语补语

• The rabbit found his carrot stolen.
  • 兔子发现胡萝卜被偷了

过去分词作状语

• Seen from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful.
  • carrot field是seen的逻辑主语，有一种被动的关系
• Given another chance, the rabbit would go to the wolf’s party.

一定得区分什么时候过去分词作状语，什么时候现在分词作状语，关键在于后面的逻辑主语

• The work finished, the rabbit went home.
  • 这里的finished描述的是the work
  • 所以一定要弄明白，这个过去分词在描述哪个词
• The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out.