独立主格、助动词、情态动词、系动词、使役动词

独立主格

• The wolf inviting him, the rabbit decided to go to the party.
  • the wolf是inviting的逻辑主语，inviting也不是谓语动词
• 独立主格可以对从句简化，例如
  • If the weather permits, the rabbit will go out.
    • The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out.
  • After the work was finished, the rabbit went home.
    • The work finished, the rabbit went home.
  • The rabbit is lying in bed and a carrot is still held in his hand.
    • The rabbit is lying in the bed, a carrot still held in his hand.
  • The rabbit to come, the wolf is overjoyed.
    • the rabbit是逻辑主语，to come是动词不定式，表示将要发生的动作
  • Many animals went to the party, some of them rabbits and wolves.
    • some of them rabbits and wolves为不定代词+名词
  • Many animals went to the party, some of them happy.
    • some of them happt为不定代词+形容词
  • The rabbit came in, carrot in hand.
    • carrot in hand为名词/代词+介词短语
  • With the work finished, the rabbit went home.
    • with+宾语+宾语补足语，也是独立主格

助动词&情态动词

助动词

助动词：辅助构成谓语，而自身不能作谓语动词的词。
情态动词可以认为是助动词的一种。

• 基本助动词（可以作实义动词）：be, do ,have
• 情态助动词：can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare/dared, need, used to
• 半助动词：be able to, be going to, be able to, had better

基本助动词

• The rabbit is eating a carrot.
• The carrot was eaten by a rabbit.
• The rabbit has eaten a carrot.
• The rabbit does like coins!

情态动词

• can/could
  • I can kill a wolf.
    • 我能杀狼
  • I could kill a wolf last year.
    • 我一年以前能杀狼
  • Could I borrow your book?
    • Could并非过去式，而是一种更诚恳的态度
  • Anything can/could happen
    • 这里如果用could，既可能表示过去可以，也可以表示比can可能性更小的可能
• may/might
  • May/might I borrow your book?
    • might更加礼貌
  • may/might的可能性比can/could更小
  • May you succeed!
    • 祝你成功，这里的May表祝福
• must
  • 表示必须
    • You must finish your homework first!
  • 表示禁止
    • You must not smoke here!
    • 注意must not只有禁止的含义，没有其他含义
    • 所有的must not都要翻译成禁止，不要意译成其他词，没有不可能的意思，只有禁止的意思，不可能用can’t表示
  • 表示一定、肯定
    • The light is on.The rabbit must be at home.
• will/woulf
  • 表示将来时/过去将来时
  • 表示请求
    • Will you lend me that book?
    • Would you please lend me that book?
  • 表示推测
    • Ask him.He will/would know.
• shall
  • 可以构成将来时
  • 表示请求和征求意见
    • Shall we meet at 9AM?
  • 表示警告、命令
    • You shall not pass!
• should
  • 表示应该
  • 表示推测，根据事实推测，可能更大
    • It should rain tomorrow
  • 表示惊讶
    • It’s surprising that he should be late.
  • 构成虚拟语气
    • If it should rain tomorrow, I wouldn’t go.
  • ought to
    • 表示应该、语气更强
  • need
    • 作实义动词，表示需要
      • I need your coins.
    • 作情态动词，表示需要、有必要
      • The rabbit need wait.（情态动词）
      • The rabbit needs to wait.（实义动词）
• dare
  • 作实义动词，表示敢、挑战
  • 作情态动词，表示敢
• used to
  • 表示过去常常做某事

半助动词

• be able to
  • 和can类似，但是有些区别，可以表达将来的能力
    • I’ll be able to reach school on time if I leave right now.
  • was/were able to…
    • 表示成功做成某事
• be going to
  • 表示将要做某事，有计划性，表示很快将要做某事
• be about to
  • 表示马上就要做某事，更快
• be to
  • 表示被命令做某事
• had better
  • 最好做

系动词

系动词的作用是“赋值”

• A is B
  • 就是把B赋予给A
• The carrot smells nice.
  • smells也是系动词
• The room remained empty.
  • remained也是系动词
• keep, stay, seem, appear, feel, become, turn, prove…

使役动词

使役动词除了后面需要接宾语，还需要增添补充信息

• make：隐含意义，强迫或需要某人做某事
  • I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time.
    • make是谓语动词，the wolf是宾语，eat carrots是宾语补语
    • eat是非谓语动词，是不定式，省略了前面的to
  • The carrot made the wolf full.
• let：隐含意义，允许某人做某事，但不绝对
  • I’ll let the wolf eat some chocolate.
  • Let me out!
• have
  • I’ll have the wolf wash the dishes.
    • 我会让狼洗盘子（我把洗盘子的任务给了狼）
  • I had someone wash my car.
    • 可以省略成，I had my car washed.
  • have+宾语+过去分词：也可能表示遭遇不幸
• get
  • I‘ll get the wolf to clean the kitchen after she washes the dishes.
    • 我会让狼洗碗盘子再把厨房清理了
  • I’ll get the wolf to wash my car for free.
    • 想办法让狼帮我洗车，说明我占便宜了（一般用get都占了便宜，但是有的时候又没有）
  • I got my nails done.