信号量/共享内存进行进程间通信

信号量

信号量是一种特殊的变量，它只能取自然数值并且只支持两种操作：等待（wait）和信号（signal）。不过在Linux/UNIX中，“等待”和“信号”都已经具有特殊的含义，所以对信号量的这两种操作更常用的称呼是P、V操作。这两个字母来自于荷兰语单词passeren（传递，就好像进入临界区）和vrijgeven（释放，就好像退出临界区）。假设有信号量SV，则对它的P、V操作含义如下：

1. P(SV)，如果SV的值大于0，就将它减1；如果SV的值为0，则挂起进程的执行。
2. V(SV)，如果有其他进程因为等待SV而挂起，则唤醒之；如果没有，则将SV加1。

信号量的主要接口函数：semget semctl semop。参数很多，这里给实例直观理解。

#include <sys/sem.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

union semun
{
     int val;                  
     struct semid_ds* buf;     
     unsigned short int* array;
     struct seminfo* __buf;    
};

void pv( int sem_id, int op )
{
    struct sembuf sem_b;
    sem_b.sem_num = 0;
    sem_b.sem_op = op;
    sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO;
    //semop系统调用改变信号量的值，即执行P、V操作。这里op为正则信号量加1,op为负则需要信号量值大于0，负责阻塞
    semop( sem_id, &sem_b, 1 );
}

int main( int argc, char* argv[] )
{
    //semget系统调用创建一个新的信号量集，或者获取一个已经存在的信号量集。这里是IPC_PRIVATE创建。
    int sem_id = semget( IPC_PRIVATE, 1, 0666 );

    union semun sem_un;
    sem_un.val = 1;
    //semctl系统调用允许调用者对信号量进行直接控制。这里将信号量sem_id的值设为sem_un即1.
    semctl( sem_id, 0, SETVAL, sem_un );

    pid_t id = fork();
    if( id < 0 )
    {
        return 1;
    }
    else if( id == 0 )
    {
        printf( "child try to get binary sem\n" );
        pv( sem_id, -1 );
        printf( "child get the sem and would release it after 5 seconds\n" );
        sleep( 5 );
        pv( sem_id, 1 );
        exit( 0 );
    }
    else
    {
        printf( "parent try to get binary sem\n" );
        pv( sem_id, -1 );
        printf( "parent get the sem and would release it after 5 seconds\n" );
        sleep( 5 );
        pv( sem_id, 1 );
    }

    waitpid( id, NULL, 0 );
    semctl( sem_id, 0, IPC_RMID, sem_un );
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

可看到通过pv操作起到了锁的作用。

共享内存

共享内存进行聊天室。
子进程只写特定段的内存buff，整个内存是共享读的。

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

#define USER_LIMIT 5 //用户数量限制
#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024 //缓冲区大小限制
#define FD_LIMIT 65535 //fd数量限制。代码未使用
#define MAX_EVENT_NUMBER 1024//epoll event数量限制
#define PROCESS_LIMIT 65536//最大进程号  用于进程号与用户编号映射
/*处理一个客户连接必要的数据*/
struct client_data
{
    sockaddr_in address; /*客户端的socket地址*/
    int connfd;          /*socket文件描述符*/
    pid_t pid;           /*处理这个连接的子进程的PID*/
    int pipefd[2];       /*和父进程通信用的管道*/
};

static const char *shm_name = "/my_shm";//共享内存对象
int sig_pipefd[2]; //信号量通信使用管道。父进程单独使用。当信号量触发时写1端，0端放入epoll统一管理
int epollfd; 
int listenfd;
int shmfd;
char *share_mem = 0;
/*客户连接数组。进程用客户连接的编号来索引这个数组，即可取得相关的客户连接数据*/

client_data *users = 0;
/*子进程和客户连接的映射关系表。用进程的PID来索引这个数组，即可取得该进程所处理的客户连接的编号*/
int *sub_process = 0;
int user_count = 0;//用户数量
bool stop_child = false; //子进程是否终止flag

int setnonblocking(int fd)
{
    int old_option = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
    int new_option = old_option | O_NONBLOCK;
    fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, new_option);
    return old_option;
}

void addfd(int epollfd, int fd)
{
    epoll_event event;
    event.data.fd = fd;
    event.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLET;
    epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, &event);
    setnonblocking(fd);
}
//父进程信号函数，向信号管道发送信号编号
void sig_handler(int sig)
{
    int save_errno = errno;
    int msg = sig;
    send(sig_pipefd[1], (char *)&msg, 1, 0);
    errno = save_errno;
}

void addsig(int sig, void (*handler)(int), bool restart = true)
{
    struct sigaction sa;
    memset(&sa, '\0', sizeof(sa));
    sa.sa_handler = handler;
    if (restart)
    {
        sa.sa_flags |= SA_RESTART;
    }
    sigfillset(&sa.sa_mask);
    assert(sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) != -1);
}

void del_resource()
{
    close(sig_pipefd[0]);
    close(sig_pipefd[1]);
    close(listenfd);
    close(epollfd);
    shm_unlink(shm_name);
    delete[] users;
    delete[] sub_process;
}

void child_term_handler(int sig)
{
    stop_child = true;
}
/*子进程运行的函数。参数idx指出该子进程处理的客户连接的编号，users是保存所有客户连接数据的数组，参数share_mem指出共享内存的起始地址*/
int run_child(int idx, client_data *users, char *share_mem)
{
    epoll_event events[MAX_EVENT_NUMBER];
    /*子进程使用I/O复用技术来同时监听两个文件描述符：客户连接socket、与父进程通信的管道文件描述符*/
    int child_epollfd = epoll_create(5);
    assert(child_epollfd != -1);
    int connfd = users[idx].connfd;
    addfd(child_epollfd, connfd);
    int pipefd = users[idx].pipefd[1];
    addfd(child_epollfd, pipefd);
    int ret;
    /*子进程需要设置自己的信号处理函数*/
    addsig(SIGTERM, child_term_handler, false);

    while (!stop_child)
    {
        int number = epoll_wait(child_epollfd, events, MAX_EVENT_NUMBER, -1);
        if ((number < 0) && (errno != EINTR))
        {
            printf("epoll failure\n");
            break;
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < number; i++)
        {
            int sockfd = events[i].data.fd;
            /*本子进程负责的客户连接有数据到达*/

            if ((sockfd == connfd) && (events[i].events & EPOLLIN))
            {
                memset(share_mem + idx * BUFFER_SIZE, '\0', BUFFER_SIZE);
                /*将客户数据读取到对应的读缓存中。该读缓存是共享内存的一段，它开始于idx*BUFFER_SIZE处，
                长度为BUFFER_SIZE字节。因此，各个客户连接的读缓存是共享的*/
                ret = recv(connfd, share_mem + idx * BUFFER_SIZE, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0);
                if (ret < 0)
                {
                    if (errno != EAGAIN)
                    {
                        stop_child = true;
                    }
                }
                else if (ret == 0)
                {
                    stop_child = true;
                }
                else
                {
                    /*成功读取客户数据后就通知主进程（通过管道）来处理*/
                    send(pipefd, (char *)&idx, sizeof(idx), 0);
                }
            }
            /*主进程通知本进程（通过管道）将第client个客户的数据发送到本进程负责的客户端*/
            else if ((sockfd == pipefd) && (events[i].events & EPOLLIN))
            {
                int client = 0;
                /*接收主进程发送来的数据，即有客户数据到达的连接的编号*/
                ret = recv(sockfd, (char *)&client, sizeof(client), 0);
                if (ret < 0)
                {
                    if (errno != EAGAIN)
                    {
                        stop_child = true;
                    }
                }
                else if (ret == 0)
                {
                    stop_child = true;
                }
                else
                {
                    send(connfd, share_mem + client * BUFFER_SIZE, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                continue;
            }
        }
    }

    close(connfd);
    close(pipefd);
    close(child_epollfd);
    return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    if (argc <= 2)
    {
        printf("usage: %s ip_address port_number\n", basename(argv[0]));
        return 1;
    }
    const char *ip = argv[1];
    int port = atoi(argv[2]);

    int ret = 0;
    struct sockaddr_in address;
    bzero(&address, sizeof(address));
    address.sin_family = AF_INET;
    inet_pton(AF_INET, ip, &address.sin_addr);
    address.sin_port = htons(port);

    listenfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    assert(listenfd >= 0);

    ret = bind(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)&address, sizeof(address));
    assert(ret != -1);

    ret = listen(listenfd, 5);
    assert(ret != -1);

    user_count = 0;
    users = new client_data[USER_LIMIT + 1];
    sub_process = new int[PROCESS_LIMIT];
    for (int i = 0; i < PROCESS_LIMIT; ++i)
    {
        sub_process[i] = -1;
    }

    epoll_event events[MAX_EVENT_NUMBER];
    epollfd = epoll_create(5);
    assert(epollfd != -1);
    addfd(epollfd, listenfd);

    ret = socketpair(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, sig_pipefd);
    assert(ret != -1);
    setnonblocking(sig_pipefd[1]);
    addfd(epollfd, sig_pipefd[0]);

    addsig(SIGCHLD, sig_handler);
    addsig(SIGTERM, sig_handler);
    addsig(SIGINT, sig_handler);
    addsig(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
    bool stop_server = false;
    bool terminate = false;
    /*创建共享内存，作为所有客户socket连接的读缓存*/
    shmfd = shm_open(shm_name, O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0666);
    assert(shmfd != -1);
    ret = ftruncate(shmfd, USER_LIMIT * BUFFER_SIZE);
    assert(ret != -1);

    share_mem = (char *)mmap(NULL, USER_LIMIT * BUFFER_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, shmfd, 0);
    assert(share_mem != MAP_FAILED);
    close(shmfd);

    while (!stop_server)
    {
        int number = epoll_wait(epollfd, events, MAX_EVENT_NUMBER, -1);
        if ((number < 0) && (errno != EINTR))
        {
            printf("epoll failure\n");
            break;
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < number; i++)
        {
            int sockfd = events[i].data.fd;
            /*新的客户连接到来*/
            if (sockfd == listenfd)
            {
                struct sockaddr_in client_address;
                socklen_t client_addrlength = sizeof(client_address);
                int connfd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_address, &client_addrlength);
                if (connfd < 0)
                {
                    printf("errno is: %d\n", errno);
                    continue;
                }
                if (user_count >= USER_LIMIT)
                {
                    const char *info = "too many users\n";
                    printf("%s", info);
                    send(connfd, info, strlen(info), 0);
                    close(connfd);
                    continue;
                }
                /*保存第user_count个客户连接的相关数据*/
                users[user_count].address = client_address;
                users[user_count].connfd = connfd;
                /*在主进程和子进程间建立管道，以传递必要的数据*/
                ret = socketpair(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, users[user_count].pipefd);
                assert(ret != -1);
                pid_t pid = fork();
                if (pid < 0)
                {
                    close(connfd);
                    continue;
                }
                else if (pid == 0)//子进程
                {
                    close(epollfd);
                    close(listenfd);
                    close(users[user_count].pipefd[0]);
                    close(sig_pipefd[0]);
                    close(sig_pipefd[1]);
                    run_child(user_count, users, share_mem);
                    munmap((void *)share_mem, USER_LIMIT * BUFFER_SIZE);
                    exit(0);
                }
                else//父进程
                {
                    close(connfd);
                    close(users[user_count].pipefd[1]);
                    addfd(epollfd, users[user_count].pipefd[0]);
                    users[user_count].pid = pid;
                    /*记录新的客户连接在数组users中的索引值，建立进程pid和该索引值之间的映射关系*/
                    sub_process[pid] = user_count;
                    user_count++;
                }
            }
            /*处理信号事件*/
            else if ((sockfd == sig_pipefd[0]) && (events[i].events & EPOLLIN))
            {
                int sig;
                char signals[1024];
                ret = recv(sig_pipefd[0], signals, sizeof(signals), 0);
                if (ret == -1)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                else if (ret == 0)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                else
                {
                    for (int i = 0; i < ret; ++i)
                    {
                        switch (signals[i])
                        {
                        /*子进程退出，表示有某个客户端关闭了连接*/
                        case SIGCHLD:
                        {
                            pid_t pid;
                            int stat;
                            while ((pid = waitpid(-1, &stat, WNOHANG)) > 0)
                            {
                                /*用子进程的pid取得被关闭的客户连接的编号*/
                                int del_user = sub_process[pid];
                                sub_process[pid] = -1;
                                if ((del_user < 0) || (del_user > USER_LIMIT))
                                {
                                    printf("the deleted user was not change\n");
                                    continue;
                                }
                                /*清除第del_user个客户连接使用的相关数据*/
                                epoll_ctl(epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, users[del_user].pipefd[0], 0);
                                close(users[del_user].pipefd[0]);
                                users[del_user] = users[--user_count];
                                sub_process[users[del_user].pid] = del_user;
                                printf("child %d exit, now we have %d users\n", del_user, user_count);
                            }
                            if (terminate && user_count == 0)
                            {
                                stop_server = true;
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                        case SIGTERM:
                        case SIGINT:
                        {
                            /*结束服务器程序*/
                            printf("kill all the clild now\n");
                            //addsig( SIGTERM, SIG_IGN );
                            //addsig( SIGINT, SIG_IGN );
                            if (user_count == 0)
                            {
                                stop_server = true;
                                break;
                            }
                            for (int i = 0; i < user_count; ++i)
                            {
                                int pid = users[i].pid;
                                kill(pid, SIGTERM);
                            }
                            terminate = true;
                            break;
                        }
                        default:
                        {
                            break;
                        }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            /*某个子进程向父进程写入了数据*/
            else if (events[i].events & EPOLLIN)
            {
                int child = 0;
                /*读取管道数据，child变量记录了是哪个客户连接有数据到达*/
                ret = recv(sockfd, (char *)&child, sizeof(child), 0);
                printf("read data from child accross pipe\n");
                if (ret == -1)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                else if (ret == 0)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                else
                {
                    /*向除负责处理第child个客户连接的子进程之外的其他子进程发送消息，通知它们有客户数据要写*/
                    for (int j = 0; j < user_count; ++j)
                    {
                        if (users[j].pipefd[0] != sockfd)
                        {
                            printf("send data to child accross pipe\n");
                            send(users[j].pipefd[0], (char *)&child, sizeof(child), 0);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    del_resource();
    return 0;
}