一.知识点概述
一种类型的实例共享一个静态成员(不论静态成员的类型是啥T/int/char/…)
\"
为"的转义
二.示例
A.h
#pragma once
using namespace std;
#include <iostream>
template <typename T>
class A
{
public:
A(T m_x = 0);//初始化构造函数
A operator+ (const A& other);//类内+运算符重载,实现两对象相加,返回临时对象,保存结果
T getM_x();
template <typename T>//完全按照类外声明的写法
friend A<T> operator-(const A<T>& a1, const A<T>& a2);//类外友元-运算符重载函数
template <typename T>//完全按照类外声明的写法
friend A<T> addA(const A<T>& a1, const A<T>& a2);//类外友元普通函数
// 类外operator<<运算符重载函数:特别记忆!
// 不写template,只<<后加<T>(定义/实现时要写template不加<T>)
friend ostream& operator<< <T>(ostream& os, const A& object);
static string s;
private:
T m_x;
};
template <typename T>
string A<T>::s = "";
A.hpp
#include "A.h"
template<typename T>
inline A<T>::A(T m_x) :m_x(m_x) {}
template<typename T>
inline A<T> A<T>::operator+ (const A<T> & other) {
A tmp;
tmp.m_x = m_x + other.m_x;
return tmp;
}
template<typename T>
inline T A<T>::getM_x() {
return m_x;
}
template<typename T>
A<T> operator-(const A<T>& a1, const A<T>& a2)//类外友元函数为保证安全,不修改已有成员,最好加上const
{
//a1.m_x -= a2.m_x;
//return a1;//相加就不传递了,相等时才传递,为了方便连续赋值
A<T> tmp;
tmp.m_x = a1.m_x - a2.m_x;
return tmp;
}
template<typename T>
A<T> addA(const A<T>& a1, const A<T>& a2)
{
A<T> tmp;
tmp.m_x = a1.m_x + a2.m_x;
return tmp;
}
template <typename T>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const A<T>& object) {
os << object.m_x << endl;
return os;
}
测试文件:
main.cpp
#include "A.hpp"
int main() {
A<int> a1(1), a2(2);
cout << a1;
cout << (a1 + a2).getM_x() << endl;//仅调用无需实例化,创建新的对象才要实例化
cout << addA(a1, a2).getM_x() << endl;
A<int> a3 = a1 + a2;
A<int> a4 = addA(a1, a2);//因为a1,a2已实例化,调用模板函数无需再次实例化
A<int> a5 = addA<int>(a1, a2);
cout << (a2 - a1).getM_x() << endl;//运算符重载函数的调用不用实例化
A<float> a10, a11;
A<long> a20, a21;
cout << "set <float>a10.s=\"float\"后:" << endl;
a10.s = "float";
cout << "<float>a11.s=" << a11.s << endl;
cout << "<long>a21.s=" << a21.s << endl;
cout << "set <long>a20.s=\"long\"后:" << endl;
a20.s = "long";
cout << "<float>a11.s=" << a11.s << endl;
cout << "<long>a21.s=" << a21.s << endl;
return 0;
}
输出效果: