Ogre初体验

从3月开始学习ogre游戏引擎，目前，还任然处于较茫然状态，不过也有一点想法。

Ogre是一个面向对象的游戏引擎，就像它名字一样。但对于我来说，面向对象用的很少，可以说在接触ogre之前，很少去考虑面向对象的设计。这就导致我学习ogre非常困难。幸好，我有一群好老师，他们目前正在研究ogre，我和他们一起讨论，让我学习到很多东西。

学习ogre之初，任何人或者教程，都会使用"ExampleApplication.h"和"ExampleFrameListener.h"这2个文件。这导致了我开始以为，每一个ogre程序都要包含这2个文件，并且继承这2个文件中的类。但其实不是这样的。首先，这2个类处在的位置在sdk/samles/include里面，很明显是用来做教程用的；其次，这2个文件是对ogre中的一切初始化常规操作的一个封装。

ExampleApplication.h:

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- This source file is part of OGRE (Object-oriented Graphics Rendering Engine) For the latest info, see http://www.ogre3d.org/ Copyright (c) 2000-2006 Torus Knot Software Ltd Also see acknowledgements in Readme.html You may use this sample code for anything you like, it is not covered by the LGPL like the rest of the engine. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Filename: ExampleApplication.h Description: Base class for all the OGRE examples ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef __ExampleApplication_H__ #define __ExampleApplication_H__ #include "Ogre.h" #include "OgreConfigFile.h" #include "ExampleFrameListener.h" #if OGRE_PLATFORM == OGRE_PLATFORM_APPLE #include <CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.h> // This function will locate the path to our application on OS X, // unlike windows you can not rely on the curent working directory // for locating your configuration files and resources. std::string macBundlePath() { char path[1024]; CFBundleRef mainBundle = CFBundleGetMainBundle(); assert(mainBundle); CFURLRef mainBundleURL = CFBundleCopyBundleURL(mainBundle); assert(mainBundleURL); CFStringRef cfStringRef = CFURLCopyFileSystemPath( mainBundleURL, kCFURLPOSIXPathStyle); assert(cfStringRef); CFStringGetCString(cfStringRef, path, 1024, kCFStringEncodingASCII); CFRelease(mainBundleURL); CFRelease(cfStringRef); return std::string(path); } #endif using namespace Ogre; /** Base class which manages the standard startup of an Ogre application. Designed to be subclassed for specific examples if required. */ class ExampleApplication { public: /// Standard constructor ExampleApplication() { mFrameListener = 0; mRoot = 0; // Provide a nice cross platform solution for locating the configuration files // On windows files are searched for in the current working directory, on OS X however // you must provide the full path, the helper function macBundlePath does this for us. #if OGRE_PLATFORM == OGRE_PLATFORM_APPLE mResourcePath = macBundlePath() + "/Contents/Resources/"; #else mResourcePath = ""; #endif } /// Standard destructor virtual ~ExampleApplication() { if (mFrameListener) delete mFrameListener; if (mRoot) OGRE_DELETE mRoot; } /// Start the example virtual void go(void) { if (!setup()) return; mRoot->startRendering(); // clean up destroyScene(); } protected: Root *mRoot; Camera* mCamera; SceneManager* mSceneMgr; ExampleFrameListener* mFrameListener; RenderWindow* mWindow; Ogre::String mResourcePath; // These internal methods package up the stages in the startup process /** Sets up the application - returns false if the user chooses to abandon configuration. */ virtual bool setup(void) { String pluginsPath; // only use plugins.cfg if not static #ifndef OGRE_STATIC_LIB pluginsPath = mResourcePath + "plugins.cfg"; #endif mRoot = OGRE_NEW Root(pluginsPath, mResourcePath + "ogre.cfg", mResourcePath + "Ogre.log"); setupResources(); bool carryOn = configure(); if (!carryOn) return false; chooseSceneManager(); createCamera(); createViewports(); // Set default mipmap level (NB some APIs ignore this) TextureManager::getSingleton().setDefaultNumMipmaps(5); // Create any resource listeners (for loading screens) createResourceListener(); // Load resources loadResources(); // Create the scene createScene(); createFrameListener(); return true; } /** Configures the application - returns false if the user chooses to abandon configuration. */ virtual bool configure(void) { // Show the configuration dialog and initialise the system // You can skip this and use root.restoreConfig() to load configuration // settings if you were sure there are valid ones saved in ogre.cfg if(mRoot->showConfigDialog()) { // If returned true, user clicked OK so initialise // Here we choose to let the system create a default rendering window by passing 'true' mWindow = mRoot->initialise(true); return true; } else { return false; } } virtual void chooseSceneManager(void) { // Create the SceneManager, in this case a generic one mSceneMgr = mRoot->createSceneManager(ST_GENERIC, "ExampleSMInstance"); } virtual void createCamera(void) { // Create the camera mCamera = mSceneMgr->createCamera("PlayerCam"); // Position it at 500 in Z direction mCamera->setPosition(Vector3(0,0,500)); // Look back along -Z mCamera->lookAt(Vector3(0,0,-300)); mCamera->setNearClipDistance(5); } virtual void createFrameListener(void) { mFrameListener= new ExampleFrameListener(mWindow, mCamera); mFrameListener->showDebugOverlay(true); mRoot->addFrameListener(mFrameListener); } virtual void createScene(void) = 0; // pure virtual - this has to be overridden virtual void destroyScene(void){} // Optional to override this virtual void createViewports(void) { // Create one viewport, entire window Viewport* vp = mWindow->addViewport(mCamera); vp->setBackgroundColour(ColourValue(0,0,0)); // Alter the camera aspect ratio to match the viewport mCamera->setAspectRatio( Real(vp->getActualWidth()) / Real(vp->getActualHeight())); } /// Method which will define the source of resources (other than current folder) virtual void setupResources(void) { // Load resource paths from config file ConfigFile cf; cf.load(mResourcePath + "resources.cfg"); // Go through all sections & settings in the file ConfigFile::SectionIterator seci = cf.getSectionIterator(); String secName, typeName, archName; while (seci.hasMoreElements()) { secName = seci.peekNextKey(); ConfigFile::SettingsMultiMap *settings = seci.getNext(); ConfigFile::SettingsMultiMap::iterator i; for (i = settings->begin(); i != settings->end(); ++i) { typeName = i->first; archName = i->second; #if OGRE_PLATFORM == OGRE_PLATFORM_APPLE // OS X does not set the working directory relative to the app, // In order to make things portable on OS X we need to provide // the loading with it's own bundle path location ResourceGroupManager::getSingleton().addResourceLocation( String(macBundlePath() + "/" + archName), typeName, secName); #else ResourceGroupManager::getSingleton().addResourceLocation( archName, typeName, secName); #endif } } } /// Optional override method where you can create resource listeners (e.g. for loading screens) virtual void createResourceListener(void) { } /// Optional override method where you can perform resource group loading /// Must at least do ResourceGroupManager::getSingleton().initialiseAllResourceGroups(); virtual void loadResources(void) { // Initialise, parse scripts etc ResourceGroupManager::getSingleton().initialiseAllResourceGroups(); } }; #endif

 

 

ExampleFrameListener.h

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- This source file is part of OGRE (Object-oriented Graphics Rendering Engine) For the latest info, see http://www.ogre3d.org/ Copyright (c) 2000-2006 Torus Knot Software Ltd Also see acknowledgements in Readme.html You may use this sample code for anything you like, it is not covered by the LGPL like the rest of the engine. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Filename: ExampleFrameListener.h Description: Defines an example frame listener which responds to frame events. This frame listener just moves a specified camera around based on keyboard and mouse movements. Mouse: Freelook W or Up: Forward S or Down:Backward A: Step left D: Step right PgUp: Move upwards PgDown: Move downwards F: Toggle frame rate stats on/off R: Render mode T: Cycle texture filtering Bilinear, Trilinear, Anisotropic(8) P: Toggle on/off display of camera position / orientation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #ifndef __ExampleFrameListener_H__ #define __ExampleFrameListener_H__ #include "Ogre.h" #include "OgreStringConverter.h" #include "OgreException.h" //Use this define to signify OIS will be used as a DLL //(so that dll import/export macros are in effect) #define OIS_DYNAMIC_LIB #include <OIS/OIS.h> using namespace Ogre; class ExampleFrameListener: public FrameListener, public WindowEventListener { protected: virtual void updateStats(void) { static String currFps = "Current FPS: "; static String avgFps = "Average FPS: "; static String bestFps = "Best FPS: "; static String worstFps = "Worst FPS: "; static String tris = "Triangle Count: "; static String batches = "Batch Count: "; // update stats when necessary try { OverlayElement* guiAvg = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/AverageFps"); OverlayElement* guiCurr = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/CurrFps"); OverlayElement* guiBest = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/BestFps"); OverlayElement* guiWorst = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/WorstFps"); const RenderTarget::FrameStats& stats = mWindow->getStatistics(); guiAvg->setCaption(avgFps + StringConverter::toString(stats.avgFPS)); guiCurr->setCaption(currFps + StringConverter::toString(stats.lastFPS)); guiBest->setCaption(bestFps + StringConverter::toString(stats.bestFPS) +" "+StringConverter::toString(stats.bestFrameTime)+" ms"); guiWorst->setCaption(worstFps + StringConverter::toString(stats.worstFPS) +" "+StringConverter::toString(stats.worstFrameTime)+" ms"); OverlayElement* guiTris = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/NumTris"); guiTris->setCaption(tris + StringConverter::toString(stats.triangleCount)); OverlayElement* guiBatches = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/NumBatches"); guiBatches->setCaption(batches + StringConverter::toString(stats.batchCount)); OverlayElement* guiDbg = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getOverlayElement("Core/DebugText"); guiDbg->setCaption(mDebugText); } catch(...) { /* ignore */ } } public: // Constructor takes a RenderWindow because it uses that to determine input context ExampleFrameListener(RenderWindow* win, Camera* cam, bool bufferedKeys = false, bool bufferedMouse = false, bool bufferedJoy = false ) : mCamera(cam), mTranslateVector(Vector3::ZERO), mCurrentSpeed(0), mWindow(win), mStatsOn(true), mNumScreenShots(0), mMoveScale(0.0f), mRotScale(0.0f), mTimeUntilNextToggle(0), mFiltering(TFO_BILINEAR), mAniso(1), mSceneDetailIndex(0), mMoveSpeed(100), mRotateSpeed(36), mDebugOverlay(0), mInputManager(0), mMouse(0), mKeyboard(0), mJoy(0) { mDebugOverlay = OverlayManager::getSingleton().getByName("Core/DebugOverlay"); LogManager::getSingletonPtr()->logMessage("*** Initializing OIS ***"); OIS::ParamList pl; size_t windowHnd = 0; std::ostringstream windowHndStr; win->getCustomAttribute("WINDOW", &windowHnd); windowHndStr << windowHnd; pl.insert(std::make_pair(std::string("WINDOW"), windowHndStr.str())); mInputManager = OIS::InputManager::createInputSystem( pl ); //Create all devices (We only catch joystick exceptions here, as, most people have Key/Mouse) mKeyboard = static_cast<OIS::Keyboard*>(mInputManager->createInputObject( OIS::OISKeyboard, bufferedKeys )); mMouse = static_cast<OIS::Mouse*>(mInputManager->createInputObject( OIS::OISMouse, bufferedMouse )); try { mJoy = static_cast<OIS::JoyStick*>(mInputManager->createInputObject( OIS::OISJoyStick, bufferedJoy )); } catch(...) { mJoy = 0; } //Set initial mouse clipping size windowResized(mWindow); showDebugOverlay(true); //Register as a Window listener WindowEventUtilities::addWindowEventListener(mWindow, this); } //Adjust mouse clipping area virtual void windowResized(RenderWindow* rw) { unsigned int width, height, depth; int left, top; rw->getMetrics(width, height, depth, left, top); const OIS::MouseState &ms = mMouse->getMouseState(); ms.width = width; ms.height = height; } //Unattach OIS before window shutdown (very important under Linux) virtual void windowClosed(RenderWindow* rw) { //Only close for window that created OIS (the main window in these demos) if( rw == mWindow ) { if( mInputManager ) { mInputManager->destroyInputObject( mMouse ); mInputManager->destroyInputObject( mKeyboard ); mInputManager->destroyInputObject( mJoy ); OIS::InputManager::destroyInputSystem(mInputManager); mInputManager = 0; } } } virtual ~ExampleFrameListener() { //Remove ourself as a Window listener WindowEventUtilities::removeWindowEventListener(mWindow, this); windowClosed(mWindow); } virtual bool processUnbufferedKeyInput(const FrameEvent& evt) { if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_A)) mTranslateVector.x = -mMoveScale; // Move camera left if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_D)) mTranslateVector.x = mMoveScale; // Move camera RIGHT if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_UP) || mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_W) ) mTranslateVector.z = -mMoveScale; // Move camera forward if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_DOWN) || mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_S) ) mTranslateVector.z = mMoveScale; // Move camera backward if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_PGUP)) mTranslateVector.y = mMoveScale; // Move camera up if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_PGDOWN)) mTranslateVector.y = -mMoveScale; // Move camera down if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_RIGHT)) mCamera->yaw(-mRotScale); if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_LEFT)) mCamera->yaw(mRotScale); if( mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_ESCAPE) || mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_Q) ) return false; if( mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_F) && mTimeUntilNextToggle <= 0 ) { mStatsOn = !mStatsOn; showDebugOverlay(mStatsOn); mTimeUntilNextToggle = 1; } if( mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_T) && mTimeUntilNextToggle <= 0 ) { switch(mFiltering) { case TFO_BILINEAR: mFiltering = TFO_TRILINEAR; mAniso = 1; break; case TFO_TRILINEAR: mFiltering = TFO_ANISOTROPIC; mAniso = 8; break; case TFO_ANISOTROPIC: mFiltering = TFO_BILINEAR; mAniso = 1; break; default: break; } MaterialManager::getSingleton().setDefaultTextureFiltering(mFiltering); MaterialManager::getSingleton().setDefaultAnisotropy(mAniso); showDebugOverlay(mStatsOn); mTimeUntilNextToggle = 1; } if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_SYSRQ) && mTimeUntilNextToggle <= 0) { std::ostringstream ss; ss << "screenshot_" << ++mNumScreenShots << ".png"; mWindow->writeContentsToFile(ss.str()); mTimeUntilNextToggle = 0.5; mDebugText = "Saved: " + ss.str(); } if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_R) && mTimeUntilNextToggle <=0) { mSceneDetailIndex = (mSceneDetailIndex+1)%3 ; switch(mSceneDetailIndex) { case 0 : mCamera->setPolygonMode(PM_SOLID); break; case 1 : mCamera->setPolygonMode(PM_WIREFRAME); break; case 2 : mCamera->setPolygonMode(PM_POINTS); break; } mTimeUntilNextToggle = 0.5; } static bool displayCameraDetails = false; if(mKeyboard->isKeyDown(OIS::KC_P) && mTimeUntilNextToggle <= 0) { displayCameraDetails = !displayCameraDetails; mTimeUntilNextToggle = 0.5; if (!displayCameraDetails) mDebugText = ""; } // Print camera details if(displayCameraDetails) mDebugText = "P: " + StringConverter::toString(mCamera->getDerivedPosition()) + " " + "O: " + StringConverter::toString(mCamera->getDerivedOrientation()); // Return true to continue rendering return true; } virtual bool processUnbufferedMouseInput(const FrameEvent& evt) { // Rotation factors, may not be used if the second mouse button is pressed // 2nd mouse button - slide, otherwise rotate const OIS::MouseState &ms = mMouse->getMouseState(); if( ms.buttonDown( OIS::MB_Right ) ) { mTranslateVector.x += ms.X.rel * 0.13; mTranslateVector.y -= ms.Y.rel * 0.13; } else { mRotX = Degree(-ms.X.rel * 0.13); mRotY = Degree(-ms.Y.rel * 0.13); } return true; } virtual void moveCamera() { // Make all the changes to the camera // Note that YAW direction is around a fixed axis (freelook style) rather than a natural YAW //(e.g. airplane) mCamera->yaw(mRotX); mCamera->pitch(mRotY); mCamera->moveRelative(mTranslateVector); } virtual void showDebugOverlay(bool show) { if (mDebugOverlay) { if (show) mDebugOverlay->show(); else mDebugOverlay->hide(); } } // Override frameRenderingQueued event to process that (don't care about frameEnded) bool frameRenderingQueued(const FrameEvent& evt) { if(mWindow->isClosed()) return false; mSpeedLimit = mMoveScale * evt.timeSinceLastFrame; //Need to capture/update each device mKeyboard->capture(); mMouse->capture(); if( mJoy ) mJoy->capture(); bool buffJ = (mJoy) ? mJoy->buffered() : true; Ogre::Vector3 lastMotion = mTranslateVector; //Check if one of the devices is not buffered if( !mMouse->buffered() || !mKeyboard->buffered() || !buffJ ) { // one of the input modes is immediate, so setup what is needed for immediate movement if (mTimeUntilNextToggle >= 0) mTimeUntilNextToggle -= evt.timeSinceLastFrame; // Move about 100 units per second mMoveScale = mMoveSpeed * evt.timeSinceLastFrame; // Take about 10 seconds for full rotation mRotScale = mRotateSpeed * evt.timeSinceLastFrame; mRotX = 0; mRotY = 0; mTranslateVector = Ogre::Vector3::ZERO; } //Check to see which device is not buffered, and handle it if( !mKeyboard->buffered() ) if( processUnbufferedKeyInput(evt) == false ) return false; if( !mMouse->buffered() ) if( processUnbufferedMouseInput(evt) == false ) return false; // ramp up / ramp down speed if (mTranslateVector == Ogre::Vector3::ZERO) { // decay (one third speed) mCurrentSpeed -= evt.timeSinceLastFrame * 0.3; mTranslateVector = lastMotion; } else { // ramp up mCurrentSpeed += evt.timeSinceLastFrame; } // Limit motion speed if (mCurrentSpeed > 1.0) mCurrentSpeed = 1.0; if (mCurrentSpeed < 0.0) mCurrentSpeed = 0.0; mTranslateVector *= mCurrentSpeed; if( !mMouse->buffered() || !mKeyboard->buffered() || !buffJ ) moveCamera(); return true; } bool frameEnded(const FrameEvent& evt) { //updateStats(); return true; } protected: Camera* mCamera; Vector3 mTranslateVector; Real mCurrentSpeed; RenderWindow* mWindow; bool mStatsOn; std::string mDebugText; unsigned int mNumScreenShots; float mMoveScale; float mSpeedLimit; Degree mRotScale; // just to stop toggles flipping too fast Real mTimeUntilNextToggle ; Radian mRotX, mRotY; TextureFilterOptions mFiltering; int mAniso; int mSceneDetailIndex ; Real mMoveSpeed; Degree mRotateSpeed; Overlay* mDebugOverlay; //OIS Input devices OIS::InputManager* mInputManager; OIS::Mouse* mMouse; OIS::Keyboard* mKeyboard; OIS::JoyStick* mJoy; }; #endif

目前我也在学习中，有很多问题自己也想不明白，如果您对ogre感兴趣，我很乐意与您交流；）