对inout端口的理解

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对inout端口的理解  

对inout端口的理解

        对于含有inout端口的模块内部而言, inout端口可以理解成从“映像寄存器” 接收连续赋值的线。在定义一个inout端口时,同时也要定义一个寄存器作为inout端口的“ 映像寄存器”,并将inout端口和这个“ 映像寄存器” 用一个三态门连接起来。当inout端口用作输出端口时,将inout端口的“ 映像寄存器” 设置成所希望的输出值,并且将三态门选通 这时inout端口的值随“ 映像寄存器”的变化而变化;当inout端口用作输入端口时,三态门设为高阻态, 断开“ 映像寄存器” 与inout端口的连接 此时就可以像对待普通的输入端口一样对它进行操作。

      而对于含有inout端口的模块外部而言,需要指定当它作为输入端口时,其数据的来源,以及当它作为输出端口时其数据的归属。

   

对于有inout( 双向) 端口的Verilog程序设计 要注意以下几点:   

    ( 1 ) 对于inout端口,要定义一个与之相连的“ 映像寄存器”。当inout端口作为输出端口时, 将二者连通; 而当inout端口不作为输出端口时,要给inout端口赋高阻态来断开与“ 映像寄存器”的连接。

    ( 2 ) 在实例化含inout( 双向)端口的模块时,与inout端口相连的只能是一个wire类型的变量

    ( 3 ) 不论是模块设计还是仿真,由于inout端口兼有输人端口和输出端口的功能,所以必须分别指定当inout端口作为输入(输出)端口时,它与其它单元的连接情况和需要完成的操作。

   (4)注意在仿真时,测试模块与被测模块之间双向接口的数据方向。测试模块的一个wire变量,必须在被测模块为输出时为'Z',而在测试模块为输入(此时其输出为'Z')时有数据输出。


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深入理解Linux网络内幕(英文) If you've ever wondered how Linux carries out the complicated tasks assigned to it by the IP protocols -- or if you just want to learn about modern networking through real-life examples -- "Understanding Linux Network Internals" is for you. Like the popular O'Reilly book, "Understanding the Linux Kernel," this book clearly explains the underlying concepts and teaches you how to follow the actual C code that implements it. Although some background in the TCP/IP protocols is helpful, you can learn a great deal from this text about the protocols themselves and their uses. And if you already have a base knowledge of C, you can use the book's code walkthroughs to figure out exactly what this sophisticated part of the Linux kernel is doing. Part of the difficulty in understanding networks -- and implementing them -- is that the tasks are broken up and performed at many different times by different pieces of code. 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Neighboring Subsystem: Miscellaneous Topics Section 29.1. System Administration of Neighbors Section 29.2. Tuning via /proc Filesystem Section 29.3. Data Structures Featured in This Part of the Book Section 29.4. Files and Directories Featured in This Part of the Book Part VII: Routing Chapter 30. Routing: Concepts Section 30.1. Routers, Routes, and Routing Tables Section 30.2. Essential Elements of Routing Section 30.3. Routing Table Section 30.4. Lookups Section 30.5. Packet Reception Versus Packet Transmission Chapter 31. Routing: Advanced Section 31.1. Concepts Behind Policy Routing Section 31.2. Concepts Behind Multipath Routing Section 31.3. Interactions with Other Kernel Subsystems Section 31.4. Routing Protocol Daemons Section 31.5. Verbose Monitoring Section 31.6. ICMP_REDIRECT Messages Section 31.7. Reverse Path Filtering Chapter 32. Routing: Li nux Implementation Section 32.1. Kernel Options Section 32.2. Main Data Structures Section 32.3. Route and Address Scopes Section 32.4. Primary and Secondary IP Addresses Section 32.5. Generic Helper Routines and Macros Section 32.6. Global Locks Section 32.7. Routing Subsystem Initialization Section 32.8. External Events Section 32.9. Interactions with Other Subsystems Chapter 33. Routing: The Routing Cache Section 33.1. Routing Cache Initialization Section 33.2. Hash Table Organization Section 33.3. Major Cache Operations Section 33.4. Multipath Caching Section 33.5. Interface Between the DST and Calling Protocols Section 33.6. Flushing the Routing Cache Section 33.7. Garbage Collection Section 33.8. Egress ICMP REDIRECT Rate Limiting Chapter 34. Routing: Routing Tables Section 34.1. Organization of Routing Hash Tables Section 34.2. Routing Table Initialization Section 34.3. Adding and Removing Routes Section 34.4. Policy Routing and Its Effects on Routing Table Definitions Chapter 35. Routing: Lookups Section 35.1. High-Level View of Lookup Functions Section 35.2. Helper Routines Section 35.3. The Table Lookup: fn_hash_lookup Section 35.4. fib_lookup Function Section 35.5. Setting Functions for Reception and Transmission Section 35.6. General Structure of the Input and Output Routing Routines Section 35.7. Input Routing Section 35.8. Output Routing Section 35.9. Effects of Multipath on Next Hop Selection Section 35.10. Policy Routing Section 35.11. Source Routing Section 35.12. Policy Routing and Routing Table Based Classifier Chapter 36. Routing: Miscellaneous Topics Section 36.1. User-Space Configuration Tools Section 36.2. Statistics Section 36.3. Tuning via /proc Filesystem Section 36.4. Enabling and Disabling Forwarding Section 36.5. Data Structures Featured in This Part of the Book Section 36.6. Functions and Variables Featured in This Part of the Book Section 36.7. Files and Directories Featured in This Part of the Book About the Authors Colophon Index

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