文本预处理
基本概念
文本是一类序列数据,一篇文章可以看作是字符或单词的序列,在将其输入到模型中之前需要对其进行预处理,处理成为模型可以接收的格式,一般来说,模型预处理包括以下几个步骤:
1.读入文本
2.分词
3.建立字典,将每个词映射到一个唯一的索引(index)
4.将文本从词的序列转换为索引的序列,方便输入模型
具体实现
文本预处理当中较为关键的是建立字典以及转换索引的过程,为了方便模型处理,我们需要将字符串转换为数字。因此我们需要先构建一个字典(vocabulary),将每个词映射到一个唯一的索引编号。
实现方法如下:
class Vocab(object):
def __init__(self, tokens, min_freq=0, use_special_tokens=False):
counter = count_corpus(tokens) # :
self.token_freqs = list(counter.items())
self.idx_to_token = []
if use_special_tokens:
# padding, begin of sentence, end of sentence, unknown
self.pad, self.bos, self.eos, self.unk = (0, 1, 2, 3)
self.idx_to_token += ['', '', '', '']
else:
self.unk = 0
self.idx_to_token += ['']
self.idx_to_token += [token for token, freq in self.token_freqs
if freq >= min_freq and token not in self.idx_to_token]
self.token_to_idx = dict()
for idx, token in enumerate(self.idx_to_token):
self.token_to_idx[token] = idx
def __len__(self):
return len(self.idx_to_token)
def __getitem__(self, tokens):
if not isinstance(tokens, (list, tuple)):
return self.token_to_idx.get(tokens, self.unk)
return [self.__getitem__(token) for token in tokens]
def to_tokens(self, indices):
if not isinstance(indices, (list, tuple)):
return self.idx_to_token[indices]
return [self.idx_to_token[index] for index in indices]
def count_corpus(sentences):
tokens = [tk for st in sentences for tk in st]
return collections.Counter(tokens) # 返回一个字典,记录每个词的出现次数
通过这种方式即可构建字典,将字符输入就可转化为索引。
语言模型
基本概念
一段自然语言文本可以看作是一个离散时间序列,语言模型的目标就是评估该序列是否合理,即计算该序列的概率:
随着序列长度增加时,计算和存储多个词共同出现的概率的复杂度会呈指数级增加。通过马尔科夫假设,可以对其进行简化,马尔科夫假设是指一个词的出现只与前面n个词相关。基于n-1阶马尔可夫链,我们可以将语言模型改写为:
一般来说n <= 4,n较大时,会造成参数空间过大、数据稀疏的问题。
循环神经网络
基本概念
循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Network, RNN)是一类以序列(sequence)数据为输入,在序列的演进方向进行递归(recursion)且所有节点(循环单元)按链式连接的递归神经网络(recursive neural network)。基本结构如下:
公式表示为:
其中H是时间步的隐藏变量,O为输出层的变量。
具体实现
从零实现
首先需要初始化模型参数:
num_inputs, num_hiddens, num_outputs = vocab_size, 256, vocab_size
# num_inputs: d
# num_hiddens: h, 隐藏单元的个数是超参数
# num_outputs: q
def get_params():
def _one(shape):
param = torch.zeros(shape, device=device, dtype=torch.float32)
nn.init.normal_(param, 0, 0.01)
return torch.nn.Parameter(param)
# 隐藏层参数
W_xh = _one((num_inputs, num_hiddens))
W_hh = _one((num_hiddens, num_hiddens))
b_h = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_hiddens, device=device))
# 输出层参数
W_hq = _one((num_hiddens, num_outputs))
b_q = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_outputs, device=device))
return (W_xh, W_hh, b_h, W_hq, b_q)
定义模型
def rnn(inputs, state, params):
# inputs和outputs皆为num_steps个形状为(batch_size, vocab_size)的矩阵
W_xh, W_hh, b_h, W_hq, b_q = params
H, = state
outputs = []
for X in inputs:
H = torch.tanh(torch.matmul(X, W_xh) + torch.matmul(H, W_hh) + b_h)
Y = torch.matmul(H, W_hq) + b_q
outputs.append(Y)
return outputs, (H,)
裁剪梯度:
def grad_clipping(params, theta, device):
norm = torch.tensor([0.0], device=device)
for param in params:
norm += (param.grad.data ** 2).sum()
norm = norm.sqrt().item()
if norm > theta:
for param in params:
param.grad.data *= (theta / norm)
定义预测函数:
def predict_rnn(prefix, num_chars, rnn, params, init_rnn_state,
num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char, char_to_idx):
state = init_rnn_state(1, num_hiddens, device)
output = [char_to_idx[prefix[0]]] # output记录prefix加上预测的num_chars个字符
for t in range(num_chars + len(prefix) - 1):
# 将上一时间步的输出作为当前时间步的输入
X = to_onehot(torch.tensor([[output[-1]]], device=device), vocab_size)
# 计算输出和更新隐藏状态
(Y, state) = rnn(X, state, params)
# 下一个时间步的输入是prefix里的字符或者当前的最佳预测字符
if t < len(prefix) - 1:
output.append(char_to_idx[prefix[t + 1]])
else:
output.append(Y[0].argmax(dim=1).item())
return ''.join([idx_to_char[i] for i in output])
困惑度通常用来评价语言模型的好坏。困惑度是对交叉熵损失函数做指数运算后得到的值。
- 最佳情况下,模型总是把标签类别的概率预测为1,此时困惑度为1;
- 最坏情况下,模型总是把标签类别的概率预测为0,此时困惑度为正无穷;
- 基线情况下,模型总是预测所有类别的概率都相同,此时困惑度为类别个数。
训练过程:
def train_and_predict_rnn(rnn, get_params, init_rnn_state, num_hiddens,
vocab_size, device, corpus_indices, idx_to_char,
char_to_idx, is_random_iter, num_epochs, num_steps,
lr, clipping_theta, batch_size, pred_period,
pred_len, prefixes):
if is_random_iter:
data_iter_fn = d2l.data_iter_random
else:
data_iter_fn = d2l.data_iter_consecutive
params = get_params()
loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
if not is_random_iter: # 如使用相邻采样,在epoch开始时初始化隐藏状态
state = init_rnn_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device)
l_sum, n, start = 0.0, 0, time.time()
data_iter = data_iter_fn(corpus_indices, batch_size, num_steps, device)
for X, Y in data_iter:
if is_random_iter: # 如使用随机采样,在每个小批量更新前初始化隐藏状态
state = init_rnn_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device)
else: # 否则需要使用detach函数从计算图分离隐藏状态
for s in state:
s.detach_()
# inputs是num_steps个形状为(batch_size, vocab_size)的矩阵
inputs = to_onehot(X, vocab_size)
# outputs有num_steps个形状为(batch_size, vocab_size)的矩阵
(outputs, state) = rnn(inputs, state, params)
# 拼接之后形状为(num_steps * batch_size, vocab_size)
outputs = torch.cat(outputs, dim=0)
# Y的形状是(batch_size, num_steps),转置后再变成形状为
# (num_steps * batch_size,)的向量,这样跟输出的行一一对应
y = torch.flatten(Y.T)
# 使用交叉熵损失计算平均分类误差
l = loss(outputs, y.long())
# 梯度清0
if params[0].grad is not None:
for param in params:
param.grad.data.zero_()
l.backward()
grad_clipping(params, clipping_theta, device) # 裁剪梯度
d2l.sgd(params, lr, 1) # 因为误差已经取过均值,梯度不用再做平均
l_sum += l.item() * y.shape[0]
n += y.shape[0]
if (epoch + 1) % pred_period == 0:
print('epoch %d, perplexity %f, time %.2f sec' % (
epoch + 1, math.exp(l_sum / n), time.time() - start))
for prefix in prefixes:
print(' -', predict_rnn(prefix, pred_len, rnn, params, init_rnn_state,
num_hiddens, vocab_size, device, idx_to_char, char_to_idx))
循环神经网络进阶
GRU
RNN存在的问题:梯度较容易出现衰减或爆炸(BPTT)
⻔控循环神经⽹络:捕捉时间序列中时间步距离较⼤的依赖关系
普通RNN:
GRU结构及计算公式:
• 重置⻔有助于捕捉时间序列⾥短期的依赖关系;
• 更新⻔有助于捕捉时间序列⾥⻓期的依赖关系。
初始化参数:
num_inputs, num_hiddens, num_outputs = vocab_size, 256, vocab_size
print('will use', device)
def get_params():
def _one(shape):
ts = torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, size=shape), device=device, dtype=torch.float32) #正态分布
return torch.nn.Parameter(ts, requires_grad=True)
def _three():
return (_one((num_inputs, num_hiddens)),
_one((num_hiddens, num_hiddens)),
torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_hiddens, device=device, dtype=torch.float32), requires_grad=True))
W_xz, W_hz, b_z = _three() # 更新门参数
W_xr, W_hr, b_r = _three() # 重置门参数
W_xh, W_hh, b_h = _three() # 候选隐藏状态参数
# 输出层参数
W_hq = _one((num_hiddens, num_outputs))
b_q = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_outputs, device=device, dtype=torch.float32), requires_grad=True)
return nn.ParameterList([W_xz, W_hz, b_z, W_xr, W_hr, b_r, W_xh, W_hh, b_h, W_hq, b_q])
def init_gru_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device): #隐藏状态初始化
return (torch.zeros((batch_size, num_hiddens), device=device), )
def gru(inputs, state, params):
W_xz, W_hz, b_z, W_xr, W_hr, b_r, W_xh, W_hh, b_h, W_hq, b_q = params
H, = state
outputs = []
for X in inputs:
Z = torch.sigmoid(torch.matmul(X, W_xz) + torch.matmul(H, W_hz) + b_z)
R = torch.sigmoid(torch.matmul(X, W_xr) + torch.matmul(H, W_hr) + b_r)
H_tilda = torch.tanh(torch.matmul(X, W_xh) + R * torch.matmul(H, W_hh) + b_h)
H = Z * H + (1 - Z) * H_tilda
Y = torch.matmul(H, W_hq) + b_q
outputs.append(Y)
return outputs, (H,)
简洁实现:
num_hiddens=256
num_epochs, num_steps, batch_size, lr, clipping_theta = 160, 35, 32, 1e2, 1e-2
pred_period, pred_len, prefixes = 40, 50, ['分开', '不分开']
lr = 1e-2 # 注意调整学习率
gru_layer = nn.GRU(input_size=vocab_size, hidden_size=num_hiddens)
model = d2l.RNNModel(gru_layer, vocab_size).to(device)
d2l.train_and_predict_rnn_pytorch(model, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device,
corpus_indices, idx_to_char, char_to_idx,
num_epochs, num_steps, lr, clipping_theta,
batch_size, pred_period, pred_len, prefixes)
LSTM
长短期记忆long short-term memory :
遗忘门:控制上一时间步的记忆细胞 输入门:控制当前时间步的输入
输出门:控制从记忆细胞到隐藏状态
记忆细胞:⼀种特殊的隐藏状态的信息的流动
初始化参数:
num_inputs, num_hiddens, num_outputs = vocab_size, 256, vocab_size
print('will use', device)
def get_params():
def _one(shape):
ts = torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, size=shape), device=device, dtype=torch.float32)
return torch.nn.Parameter(ts, requires_grad=True)
def _three():
return (_one((num_inputs, num_hiddens)),
_one((num_hiddens, num_hiddens)),
torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_hiddens, device=device, dtype=torch.float32), requires_grad=True))
W_xi, W_hi, b_i = _three() # 输入门参数
W_xf, W_hf, b_f = _three() # 遗忘门参数
W_xo, W_ho, b_o = _three() # 输出门参数
W_xc, W_hc, b_c = _three() # 候选记忆细胞参数
# 输出层参数
W_hq = _one((num_hiddens, num_outputs))
b_q = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_outputs, device=device, dtype=torch.float32), requires_grad=True)
return nn.ParameterList([W_xi, W_hi, b_i, W_xf, W_hf, b_f, W_xo, W_ho, b_o, W_xc, W_hc, b_c, W_hq, b_q])
def init_lstm_state(batch_size, num_hiddens, device):
return (torch.zeros((batch_size, num_hiddens), device=device),
torch.zeros((batch_size, num_hiddens), device=device))
模型实现:
def lstm(inputs, state, params):
[W_xi, W_hi, b_i, W_xf, W_hf, b_f, W_xo, W_ho, b_o, W_xc, W_hc, b_c, W_hq, b_q] = params
(H, C) = state
outputs = []
for X in inputs:
I = torch.sigmoid(torch.matmul(X, W_xi) + torch.matmul(H, W_hi) + b_i)
F = torch.sigmoid(torch.matmul(X, W_xf) + torch.matmul(H, W_hf) + b_f)
O = torch.sigmoid(torch.matmul(X, W_xo) + torch.matmul(H, W_ho) + b_o)
C_tilda = torch.tanh(torch.matmul(X, W_xc) + torch.matmul(H, W_hc) + b_c)
C = F * C + I * C_tilda
H = O * C.tanh()
Y = torch.matmul(H, W_hq) + b_q
outputs.append(Y)
return outputs, (H, C)
简洁实现:
num_hiddens=256
num_epochs, num_steps, batch_size, lr, clipping_theta = 160, 35, 32, 1e2, 1e-2
pred_period, pred_len, prefixes = 40, 50, ['分开', '不分开']
lr = 1e-2 # 注意调整学习率
lstm_layer = nn.LSTM(input_size=vocab_size, hidden_size=num_hiddens)
model = d2l.RNNModel(lstm_layer, vocab_size)
d2l.train_and_predict_rnn_pytorch(model, num_hiddens, vocab_size, device,
corpus_indices, idx_to_char, char_to_idx,
num_epochs, num_steps, lr, clipping_theta,
batch_size, pred_period, pred_len, prefixes)
深度循环神经网络
循环神经网络可以嵌套多层,达到多次获取特征的作用:
双向循环神经网络
双向循环神经网络可以同时获取到输入数据的上下文的特征。