一、什么是定语
修饰名词的成分
桌子上的水杯是红色的。
主语“水杯”,谓语“是”,表语“红色的”。“桌子上的”用来修饰水杯。
刘晓燕是一个美丽的女人。
“美丽的”修饰“女人”,没有修饰“刘晓燕”
只要听到“…的”+名词,“…的”就是修饰这个名词的定语成分
二、定语的成分
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形容词
The innocent nightingale died.
The nightingale brave and innocent died. -
名词
The nightingale’s singing can make the rose bloom.
下面是更好的写法:
The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom. -
介词短语
The nightingale out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster. -
非谓语动词
The singing nightingale lost his life.(singing是主动唱)
The nightingale to sing lost his life.(to sing是有目的地唱)
动词永远只做谓语,所有不作谓语的动词都要变成非谓语动词
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从句
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形容词性物主代词(其实就是形容词)
三、定语的位置
前小后大:当一个单词修饰名词时,通常放在名词前;当多个单词修饰名词时,通常放在名词后。
练习:那个懂爱的年轻人被拒绝了。
The man knowing love was rejected.(非谓语动词修饰名词)
The youngster grasping romance was declined.
练习:我有一朵和白云一样白的玫瑰花。
A rose as white as clouds remains available for me.(介词短语修饰名词)
练习:被扔掉的玫瑰花是红色的。
The discarded rose looks red.
只有当过去分词修饰名词的时候,即使只有一个单词,也通常放在名词后。
以后做长难句分析的时候,如果见到动词+ed,如何判断是谓语的过去式还是过去分词?判断方法是看这句话还有没有其他动词做谓语,如果没有,那这个动词+ed就是谓语的过去式;如果有其他动词做谓语,那这个动词+ed就是过去分词
练习:这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事。
This proves a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.
四、定语从句
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构成:n + 引导词 + 句子
名词n就是先行词,引导词就是that、what、who等,句子就是主谓结构。定语从句重点就是引导词的使用
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引导词:定语从句的引导词按照先行词的种类分的类,一共把引导词分成5类:
(1)先行词是人,引导词有:who、whom、whose
(that也可以,但是正式文体中不这样用)
(2)先行词是物,引导词有:that、which、whose
(what不用于定语从句,用于同位语从句)名词后面有引导词,只有两种情况:1.定语从句;2.同位语从句
(3)先行词是时间,引导词有:that、which、when
(4)先行词是地点,引导词有:that、which、where
(5)先行词是原因,引导词有:that、which、why
定语从句的引导词有8个
谁决定引导词的用法
举例:
I will never forget the day __ I met you.
that是个代词,代词成分和名词一样,所以在句子中可以充当的成分为:主语、宾语、表语
先行词是定语从句的一部分,所以肯定要在从句中充当一个成分
I met you主谓宾齐全,that没有可以充当的成分,所以不能用
that在大多数情况下和which同样用法,可以替换。所以这里把which也排除了
先行词为时间,引导词that、which、when。所以只能用when,这里when是个副词
I will never forget the day __ we spent.
从句缺宾语,所以用that。when是个副词,不能充当宾语
能充当宾语的只有名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句
You had better have no reason __ you are late.
从句you are late不缺成分,因为that是代词,需要充当成分,但是从句不缺成分,所以填why
You had better have no reason __ sounds perfect.
从句缺主语,填that或which。不能填why,因为why是副词不能当主语
决定引导词用法的因素:
- 先行词
- 引导词在从句中能够充当的成分
定语从句引导词的分类新标准
还可以按照引导词本身的词性来分类,一共把引导词分成三类:
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代词(在从句中一定要充当主语或宾语成分):who、whom、that、which
who可以做主语、宾语,whom只能做宾语。你可以把whom看成宾格形式,类似于him、me等
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副词(在从句中不能充当任何主干成分):where、when、why
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形容词(在从句中修饰离它最近的那个名词):whose
练习:(先自己做,再对答案)
先行词 | 从句 | 引导词 |
---|---|---|
摄像机 | 缺宾语 | |
我的妈妈 | 缺宾语 | |
昨天晚上 | 都不缺 | |
原因 | 缺宾语 | |
大房子 | 都不缺 | |
陈奕迅 | 都不缺 |
答案:
先行词 | 从句 | 引导词 |
---|---|---|
摄像机 | 缺宾语 | that |
我的妈妈 | 缺宾语 | who/whom |
昨天晚上 | 都不缺 | when |
原因 | 缺宾语 | that |
大房子 | 都不缺 | whose |
陈奕迅 | 都不缺 | whose |
练习:
- 夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了
The rose __ the nightingale exchanged with his life was dumped.
with his life不是宾语,因为with是介词,这是个介词短语,介词短语不能做宾语
宾语一定是谓语动作的对象。这里缺一个宾语。所以填that/which
- 这个老人在他儿子到达的那天去世了
The senior citizen passed away on the day __ her son arrived.
月和年是in,具体某一天是on,具体的时间是at
这里从句是主谓结构,但是不缺宾语,所以用when
- 我喜欢王子送给我的珠宝
The gift __ the prince sent to me never fails to fascinate me.
to me是介词短语不能做宾语,从句缺宾语,所以用that
如果改成不用定语从句,就用被动语态:
The gift sent by the prince never fails to fascinate me.
五、定语从句的特殊用法
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先行词和引导词之间有介词,“人”不用who,只能用whom;“物”不用that只能用which
例:I will never forget the day on __ I met you.
填which。因为on是个介词,介词后面只能跟名词或代词,所以只能跟which,不能跟when,when是个副词。
所以go to school,因为school是名词;go home,因为home是介词,所以不用加to例:老俞是一个我们应该学习的人。
Old fish is a man from __ we should learn from.from是介词,应该填whom
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that做宾语,可以省略
The gift (that) the prince sent to me never fails to fascinate me. -
区别the same…as;the same…that
He is the same man as I love.
He is the same man that I love.as翻译成“像”,that翻译成“是”
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区别限制和非限制性定语从句
限制性没有逗号,非限制性有逗号
限制性定语从句对名词的修饰作用很强,非限制性定语从句对名词修饰作用不强,意味着非限制性定语从句可以作为插入语,可以不看,不影响理解主干意思。例:
I love liu, who is gorgerous.我喜欢liu,她很漂亮(她漂不漂亮我都喜欢)
I love liu who is gorgerous.我喜欢漂亮的liu(她不漂亮我就不喜欢了)
I love watermelons, which are round.我喜欢吃西瓜,它是圆的(它圆不圆我都喜欢吃)
I love watermelons which are round.我喜欢吃圆的西瓜(不圆我就不喜欢) -
which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整句话,as也可以,但是as引导的定语从句,既可以放在句首,也可以放在句末。which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在句末。
例:孝敬父母是中华民族的传统美德,这个道理是显而易见的。
Respecting senior citizens keeps a Chinese conventional virtue, which has been known for years.
which可以换成as,换成as后从句可以放在句首:
As has been known for years, respecting senior citizens keeps a Chinese conventional virtue.
自己写就写which
六、定语和定语从句在写作中的使用
只要在作文中见到名词,都可以给它加一个定语的成分,把句子拉长
例:养宠物能够减少孤单
Raising pets can reduce loneliness.
pets和loneliness是名词,可以加定语
Raising pets cute as well as loyal can reduce loneliness of senior citizens who have no offspring to take care of them.
这里cute as well as loyal是定语,of senior citizens是定语,who have no offspring to take care of them是定语从句
注意as well as的用法
例:读书可以减少压力
Reading books can decrese pressure.
Reading books such as Little Prince, Gone with the wind and I have a Dream can decrese pressure of all children and adults.
例:乌镇是浙江的一个水镇,它位于京杭大运河旁
WuZhen lying near the river from BeiJing to HangZhou is a water town of ZheJiang province.
例:正在准备考研的我十分想念在家忙碌的你
I, who is preparing for exam, miss you be busy at home very much.
例:我昨天去图书馆了,我的前面坐了一个女生,她的男朋友特别像吴秀波
I went to the library yesterday. A girl sat in front of me. Her boyfriend looked like Wu.
把多个句子合并成一个句子,三种方法:
- 非谓语动词做独立主格
I going to the library yesterday, a girl sat in front of me whose boyfriend looked like Wu.(想一想这里的三个动词用法,为什么这样用)- 加连词
I went to the library yesterday, and a girl sat in front of me, and her boyfriend looked like Wu.(恶心写法)- 从句
When I went to the library yesterday, a girl sat in front of me whose boyfriend looked like Wu.
到30:40就可以不往后看了