IOC:某一接口具体实现类的控制权从控制类中移除,转交给第三方(如Spring)
三种依赖注入的方式
- 属性注入,通过setter方法注入bean的属性值或依赖的对象
- 构造注入
- 工厂方法注入(很少使用)
例子
这里我们使用了spring-4.3.2,maven配置文件
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
<version>${org.springframework-version}</version>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
<version>${org.springframework-version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>
<version>${org.springframework-version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>${org.springframework-version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
<version>1.2</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Junit -->
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>3.8.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
一. 属性注入和构造方法注入
applicationContext.xml配置文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd">
<!--
配置bean
id:标识容器中bean对象
class:bean的全类名,通过反射的方式在IOC容器中创建Bean,所以要求Bean类必须有无参构造器
-->
<bean id="helloWorld" class="com.spring.test.HelloWorld">
<property name="name" value="crystal"></property>
</bean>
<!-- 通过构造方法配置bean,可以指定参数的位置和类型,以区分重载的构造函数 -->
<bean id="car" class="com.spring.test.Car">
<constructor-arg value="BENCHI" index="0"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="200000.0" index="1" type="double"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
<bean id="car1" class="com.spring.test.Car">
<!-- 如果字面值包含特殊字符,使用<![CDATA[]]>包裹起来
属性值可以使用value子节点来配置
-->
<constructor-arg type="java.lang.String">
<value><![CDATA[<shanghai>]]></value>
</constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="200" index="1" type="int"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
<bean id="person" class="com.spring.test.Person">
<property name="name" value="Crystal"></property>
<property name="age" value="20"></property>
<!-- 可以使用ref建立引用之间的关系 -->
<!--
<property name="car" ref="car"></property>
-->
<!--
<property name="car">
<ref bean="car2"/>
</property>
-->
<!--
<property name="car">
<bean class="com.spring.test.Car">
<constructor-arg value="changanFute"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="3000000"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="240"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
</property>
-->
<!-- 测试赋值null -->
<!-- <property name="car"><null/></property> -->
<property name="car" ref="car1"></property>
<!-- 为级联属性赋值,注意:属性需要先初始化后才能为级联属性赋值,和structs2不同 -->
<property name="car.price" value="400000"></property>
</bean>
<!-- 测试配置集合属性 -->
<bean id="person3" class="com.spring.test.collections.Person">
<property name="name" value="barry"></property>
<property name="age" value="21"></property>
<property name="cars">
<list>
<ref bean="car"/>
<ref bean="car1"/>
<bean class="com.spring.test.Car">
<constructor-arg value="changanFute"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="3000000"></constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg value="240"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
<!-- 配置Map的属性值 -->
<bean id="newPerson" class="com.spring.test.collections.NewPerson">
<property name="name" value="lina"></property>
<property name="age" value="22"></property>
<property name="cars">
<!-- 使用map节点及map的entry子节点配置Map类型的成员变量 -->
<map>
<entry key="AA" value-ref="car"></entry>
<entry key="BB" value-ref="car1"></entry>
</map>
</property>
</bean>
<!-- 配置Properties属性值 -->
<bean id="dataSource" class="com.spring.test.collections.DataSource">
<property name="properties">
<!-- 使用props和prop子节点来为Properties属性赋值 -->
<props>
<prop key="user">root</prop>
<prop key="password">1234</prop>
<prop key="jdbcUrl">jdbc:mysql://test</prop>
<prop key="jdbcDriver">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</prop>
</props>
</property>
</bean>
<!-- 配置单例的集合bean,以供多个bean进行引用,需要导入util命名空间 -->
<util:list id="cars">
<ref bean="car"/>
<ref bean="car1"/>
</util:list>
<bean id="person4" class="com.spring.test.collections.Person">
<property name="name" value="Jackie"></property>
<property name="age" value="30"></property>
<property name="cars" ref="cars"></property>
</bean>
<!-- 通过p命名空间为bean的属性赋值,需要先导入p命名空间,相对于传统配置方式更为简洁 -->
<bean id="person5" class="com.spring.test.collections.Person" p:name="Queue" p:age="32" p:cars-ref="cars"></bean>
</beans>
1. 下面是简单的属性注入、构造注入的测试类
Car.java
package com.spring.test;
public class Car {
private String name;
private int maxSpeed;
private double price;
public Car() {
}
public Car(String name, double price) {
this.name = name;
this.price = price;
}
public Car(String name, int maxSpeed) {
this.name = name;
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}
public Car(String name, double price, int maxSpeed) {
this.name = name;
this.price = price;
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Car [name:" + name + ", price:" + price + ", maxSpeed:" + maxSpeed + "]";
}
}
HelloWorld.java
package com.spring.test;
public class HelloWorld {
private String name;
public HelloWorld() {
System.out.println("HelloWorld constructor...");
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
System.out.println("setName:" + name);
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "hello," + name;
}
}
Person.java
package com.spring.test;
public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;
private Car car;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public Car getCar() {
return car;
}
public void setCar(Car car) {
this.car = car;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person: [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", car=" + car + "]";
}
}
Main.java
package com.spring.test;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
HelloWorld hello = new HelloWorld();
hello.setName("barry");
System.out.println("print:"+ hello + "\n");
// 装入 Spring 配置文件
/**
* 装入 Spring 配置文件
* ApplicationContext是IOC容器,它有两个主要实现类(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext和FileSystemXmlApplicationContext)
* ApplicationContext在初始化上下文时就实例化所有单例的Bean
*/
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
//HelloWorld hello1 = (HelloWorld) context.getBean("helloWorld"); // 通过id获取bean对象
HelloWorld hello1 = context.getBean(HelloWorld.class); // 通过类型获取bean对象(要求在IOC容器里该类型的对象只能有一个)
System.out.println(hello1);
}
@Test
public void testContructor() {
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
Car car = (Car) context.getBean("car"); // 通过类型获取bean对象(要求在IOC容器里该类型的对象只能有一个)
Car car1 = (Car) context.getBean("car1");
System.out.println(car);
System.out.println(car1);
Person person = (Person) context.getBean("person");
System.out.println(person);
}
}
2. 下面是集合的测试类
NewPerson.java
package com.spring.test.collections;
import java.util.Map;
import com.spring.test.Car;
public class NewPerson {
private String name;
private int age;
private Map<String, Car> cars;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public Map<String, Car> getCars() {
return cars;
}
public void setCars(Map<String, Car> cars) {
this.cars = cars;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person: [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", cars=" + cars + "]";
}
}
Person.java
package com.spring.test.collections;
import java.util.List;
import com.spring.test.Car;
public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;
private List<Car> cars;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public List<Car> getCars() {
return cars;
}
public void setCars(List<Car> cars) {
this.cars = cars;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person: [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", cars=" + cars + "]";
}
}
DataSource.java
package com.spring.test.collections;
import java.util.Properties;
public class DataSource {
private Properties properties;
public Properties getProperties() {
return properties;
}
public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
this.properties = properties;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "DataSource: [properties:" + properties + "]";
}
}
Main.java
package com.spring.test.collections;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Main {
@Test
public void testCollections() {
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
Person person = (Person) context.getBean("person3");
System.out.println(person);
NewPerson newPerson = (NewPerson) context.getBean("newPerson");
System.out.println(newPerson);
DataSource dataSource = (DataSource) context.getBean("dataSource");
System.out.println(dataSource);
Person person4 = (Person) context.getBean("person4");
System.out.println(person4);
Person person5 = (Person) context.getBean("person5");
System.out.println(person5);
}
}
二. 下面静态工厂方法和实例工厂方法注入的实例
beans-factory.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<!--
通过静态工厂方法来配置bean,注意不是配置静态工厂方法实例,而是配置bean实例
class:指向静态方法的全类名
factory-method:指向静态工厂方法名
constructor-arg:如果工厂方法需要传入参数,则使用 constructor-arg 来配置参数
-->
<bean id="car" class="com.spring.test.factory.StaticBeanFactory" factory-method="getCar">
<constructor-arg value="audi"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
<!--
通过实例工厂方法来配置bean
factory-method:指向工厂方法名
factory-bean:指向拥有该工厂方法的bean
constructor-arg:如果工厂方法需要传入参数,则使用 constructor-arg 来配置参数
-->
<bean id="factory" class="com.spring.test.factory.InstanceCarFactory"></bean>
<bean id="car1" class="com.spring.test.factory.Car" factory-bean="factory" factory-method="getCar">
<constructor-arg value="ford"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
</beans>
Car.java
package com.spring.test.factory;
public class Car {
private String brand;
private double price;
public Car(String brand, double price) {
super();
this.brand = brand;
this.price = price;
}
public String getBrand() {
return brand;
}
public void setBrand(String brand) {
this.brand = brand;
}
public double getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Car [brand=" + brand + ", price=" + price + "]";
}
}
StaticBeanFactory.java
package com.spring.test.factory;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* 静态工厂方法:直接调用某一个类的静态方法就可以获取 Bean 实例
* @author cye
*
*/
public class StaticBeanFactory {
private static Map<String, Car> cars = new HashMap<String, Car>();
static {
cars.put("audi", new Car("audi", 200000));
cars.put("ford", new Car("ford", 300000));
}
public static Car getCar(String brand) {
return cars.get(brand);
}
}
InstanceCarFactory.java
package com.spring.test.factory;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* 实例工厂方法:将对象的创建过程封装到另一个对象实例的方法里,当客户端需要请求对象时,只需要简单调用实例方法而不需要关心对象具体的创建细节,
* @author cye
*
*/
public class InstanceCarFactory {
private Map<String, Car> cars;
public InstanceCarFactory() {
cars = new HashMap<String, Car>();
cars.put("audi", new Car("audi", 200000));
cars.put("ford", new Car("ford", 300000));
}
public Car getCar(String brand) {
return cars.get(brand);
}
}
Main.java
package com.spring.test.factory;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-factory.xml");
Car car = (Car) ctx.getBean("car");
System.out.println(car);
car = (Car) ctx.getBean("car1");
System.out.println(car);
}
}