Linux虚拟网络基础——tun

一 简介

tun是一个网络层（IP）的点对点设备，它启用了IP层隧道功能。Linux原生支持的三层隧道，可以通过命令ip tunnel help来查看：

[root@centos ~]# ip tunnel help
Usage: ip tunnel { add | change | del | show | prl | 6rd } [ NAME ]
          [ mode { ipip | gre | sit | isatap | vti } ] [ remote ADDR ] [ local ADDR ]
          [ [i|o]seq ] [ [i|o]key KEY ] [ [i|o]csum ]
          [ prl-default ADDR ] [ prl-nodefault ADDR ] [ prl-delete ADDR ]
          [ 6rd-prefix ADDR ] [ 6rd-relay_prefix ADDR ] [ 6rd-reset ]
          [ ttl TTL ] [ tos TOS ] [ [no]pmtudisc ] [ dev PHYS_DEV ]
Where: NAME := STRING
       ADDR := { IP_ADDRESS | any }
       TOS  := { STRING | 00..ff | inherit | inherit/STRING | inherit/00..ff }
       TTL  := { 1..255 | inherit }
       KEY  := { DOTTED_QUAD | NUMBER }

可以看到Linux一共原生支持5种三层隧道（tunnel），如下表：

二 实战组网

三 配置说明

测试用例第一步：就是图中tap1和tap2配置能通，配置方法见

https://blog.csdn.net/chengqiuming/article/details/80140768

当tap1和tap2设备配通以后，如果不把图中tun1和tun2暂时当做tun设备，而是当做两个“死”设备（比如当做是两个不做任何配置的网卡），那么这时候tun1和tun2就像两个孤岛，不仅互相不通，而且跟tap1和tap2也没关系

这个时候，就需要对tun1和tun2做相关配置，以使得这两个孤岛能够互相通信。

我们以ipip tunnel为例进行配置。

首先我们要加载ipip模块，Linux默认是没有加载这个模块。

#查看方法：
[root@centos ~]# lsmod |grep ip
iptable_mangle         12695  1
ipt_MASQUERADE         12678  3
nf_nat_masquerade_ipv4    13412  1 ipt_MASQUERADE
iptable_nat            12875  1
nf_nat_ipv4            14115  1 iptable_nat
nf_nat                 26146  2 nf_nat_ipv4,nf_nat_masquerade_ipv4
nf_conntrack_ipv4      14862  2
nf_defrag_ipv4         12729  1 nf_conntrack_ipv4
nf_conntrack          105745  5 nf_nat,nf_nat_ipv4,xt_conntrack,nf_nat_masquerade_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv4
ipt_REJECT             12541  2
ip6table_filter        12815  0
ip6_tables             27025  1 ip6table_filter
iptable_filter         12810  1
ip_tables              27240  3 iptable_filter,iptable_mangle,iptable_nat
#加载方法
[root@centos ~]# modprobe ipip
#再次查看
[root@centos ~]# lsmod |grep ip
#多出下面三项
ipip                   13472  0
tunnel4                13252  1 ipip
ip_tunnel              25216  1 ipip
iptable_mangle         12695  1
ipt_MASQUERADE         12678  3
nf_nat_masquerade_ipv4    13412  1 ipt_MASQUERADE
iptable_nat            12875  1
nf_nat_ipv4            14115  1 iptable_nat
nf_nat                 26146  2 nf_nat_ipv4,nf_nat_masquerade_ipv4
nf_conntrack_ipv4      14862  2
nf_defrag_ipv4         12729  1 nf_conntrack_ipv4
nf_conntrack          105745  5 nf_nat,nf_nat_ipv4,xt_conntrack,nf_nat_masquerade_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv4
ipt_REJECT             12541  2
ip6table_filter        12815  0
ip6_tables             27025  1 ip6table_filter
iptable_filter         12810  1
ip_tables              27240  3 iptable_filter,iptable_mangle,iptable_nat
#加载了ipip模块以后，我们就可以创建tun，并且给tun绑定一个ipip隧道，命令如下
#在ns1上创建tun1和ipip tunnel
[root@centos ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip tunnel add tun1 mode ipip remote 192.168.200.2 local 192.168.100.2 ttl 255
[root@centos ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip link set tun1 up
[root@centos ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip addr add 192.168.50.10 peer 192.168.60.10 dev tun1
#在ns2上创建tun2和ipip tunnel
[root@centos ~]# ip netns exec ns2 ip tunnel add tun2 mode ipip remote 192.168.100.2 local 192.168.200.2 ttl 255
[root@centos ~]# ip netns exec ns2 ip link set tun2 up
[root@centos ~]# ip netns exec ns2 ip addr add 192.168.60.10 peer 192.168.50.10 dev tun2
#ping测试
[root@centos ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ping 192.168.60.10
PING 192.168.60.10 (192.168.60.10) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.60.10: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.147 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.60.10: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.051 ms
#因为我们说tun是一个设备，那么我们可以通过ifconfig这个命令，来看看这个设备的信息：
[root@centos ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig -a
lo: flags=8<LOOPBACK>  mtu 65536
        loop  txqueuelen 0  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
tap1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.100.2  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        inet6 fe80::7c6d:aaff:fe0c:20d  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 7e:6d:aa:0c:02:0d  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 24  bytes 2578 (2.5 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 16  bytes 1248 (1.2 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
tun1: flags=209<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,NOARP>  mtu 1480
        inet 192.168.50.10  netmask 255.255.255.255  destination 192.168.60.10
        tunnel   txqueuelen 0  (IPIP Tunnel)
        RX packets 2  bytes 168 (168.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 2  bytes 168 (168.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
tunl0: flags=128<NOARP>  mtu 1480
        tunnel   txqueuelen 0  (IPIP Tunnel)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
#可以看到，tun1是一个ipip tunel的一个端点，IP是192.168.50.10，其对端IP是192.168.60.10
#再看看路由表
[root@centos ~]# ip netns exec ns1 route -nee
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface    MSS   Window irtt
192.168.60.10   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.255 UH    0      0        0 tun1     0     0      0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 tap1     0     0      0
192.168.200.0   192.168.100.1   255.255.255.0   UG    0      0        0 tap1     0     0      0
#到达目的地192.168.60.10的路由的一个直连路由直接从tun1出去即可。