Convolution Filter

转载http://www.roborealm.com/help/Convolution.php

Convolution filters are a great way to process images for certain features. Features are defined by an n by m matrix that is applied to the image in the following way: (grayscale only for purposes of example)

Interface

Instructions

1. Kernal - Edit the 5x5 textbox grid to add in your convolution values OR

2. Dropdown - Select a pre-created filter using the dropdown menu to help you get started

3. Divisor/Bias - Specify the divisor and/or bias. The result of the kernal above will be divided by the divisor to help keep the pixel within the 0 to 255 range. The bias will be added to the result to also keep it within the positive 0 to 255 range.

Example

Source	Sharpen More

An example small grayscale image (10x10):

34	22	77	48	237	205	29	212	107	41
50	150	77	158	233	251	112	165	47	229
93	0	77	219	43	56	42	113	140	94
32	19	44	30	36	94	151	101	28	84
10	90	48	73	63	148	159	183	99	22
192	70	27	88	20	230	53	34	38	106
239	202	196	205	50	123	192	88	41	37
230	174	14	22	127	100	189	186	214	187
227	86	195	6	53	168	46	166	36	249
215	165	237	110	125	191	191	94	123	8

An example convolution filter for line detection:

-1	-1	-1
-1	8	-1
-1	-1	-1

The row=2, column=2 pixel and its neighborhood from the image above: The row=2, column=2 pixel and its neighborhood from the image above:

34	22	77
50	150	77
93	0	77

To apply the convolution filter multiply the filter values with the image data block. Work with each pixel and its 3x3 neighborhood:

-1*34	-1*22	-1*77
-1*50	8*150	-1*77
-1*93	-1*0	-1*77

Then sum all the values:
(-34)+(-22)+(-77)+
(-50)+(1200)+(-77)+
(-93)+(0)+(-77) = 770

Divide by the divisor and add the bias.
(770/divisor)+bias=770 (in this example divisor=1, bias=0)

If the new pixel value is > 255 set it to 255
If the new pixel value is < 0 set it to 0

The new pixel value is 255. Store that in a new image:

34	22	77
50	255	77
93	0	77

Continue with all other 3x3 blocks in the image using original values. For example the next image block could be

22	77	48
150	77	158
0	77	219

Note the 3x3 "window" is shifted to the right by one and that the new pixel value is NOT used but stored as a second new image.

Most of the image is processed in this manner. Image borders create problems and are ignored.

Many other filters can easily be defined for other purposes

Blur:

1	1	1		1	2	1
1	1	1		2	4	2
1	1	1		1	2	1

Sharpen:

-1	-1	-1		0	-1	0
-1	9	-1		-1	5	-1
-1	-1	-1		0	-1	0

Edge Enhancement:

0	0	0		0	-1	0		-1	0	0
-1	1	0		0	1	0		0	1	0
0	0	0		0	0	0		0	0	0

Find Edges:

0	1	0		-1	-1	-1		1	-2	1
1	-4	1		-1	8	-1		-2	4	-2
0	1	0		-1	-1	-1		1	-2	1

Emboss:

-2	-1	0
-1	1	1
0	1	2

The convolution matrix is displayed in the convolution interface. Changing any number will alter the matrix and change the image as a result of applying that matrix.

Select a matrix from the pull down menu which will populate the matrix with those values.