swift 易忽略的笔记 10）：Generic

1. Generic Functions

func swapTwoValues<T>(inout a: T, inout b: T) {
    let temporaryA = a
    a = b
    b = temporaryA
}

var someInt = 3
var anotherInt = 107
swapTwoValues(&someInt, &anotherInt)
// someInt is now 107, and anotherInt is now 3

2. Stack

struct Stack<T> {
    var items = T[]()
    mutating func push(item: T) {
        items.append(item)
    }
    mutating func pop() -> T {
        return items.removeLast()
    }
}

var stackOfStrings = Stack<String>()
stackOfStrings.push("uno")
stackOfStrings.push("dos")
stackOfStrings.push("tres")
stackOfStrings.push("cuatro")
// the stack now contains 4 strings”

3. Type Constraints

func findIndex<T: Equatable>(array: T[], valueToFind: T) -> Int? {
    for (index, value) in enumerate(array) {
        if value == valueToFind {
            return index
        }
    }
    return nil
}

let doubleIndex = findIndex([3.14159, 0.1, 0.25], 9.3)
// doubleIndex is an optional Int with no value, because 9.3 is not in the array
let stringIndex = findIndex(["Mike", "Malcolm", "Andrea"], "Andrea")
// stringIndex is an optional Int containing a value of 2

4. Associated Types (for protocols)

protocol Container {
    typealias ItemType
    mutating func append(item: ItemType)
    var count: Int { get }
    subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
}

struct IntStack: Container {
    // original IntStack implementation
    var items = Int[]()
    mutating func push(item: Int) {
        items.append(item)
    }
    mutating func pop() -> Int {
        return items.removeLast()
    }
    // conformance to the Container protocol
    typealias ItemType = Int
    mutating func append(item: Int) {
        self.push(item)
    }
    var count: Int {
    return items.count
    }
    subscript(i: Int) -> Int {
        return items[i]
    }
}


struct Stack<T>: Container {
    // original Stack<T> implementation
    var items = T[]()
    mutating func push(item: T) {
        items.append(item)
    }
    mutating func pop() -> T {
        return items.removeLast()
    }
    // conformance to the Container protocol
    mutating func append(item: T) {
        self.push(item)
    }
    var count: Int {
    return items.count
    }
    subscript(i: Int) -> T {
        return items[i]
    }
}

4. Where Clause

func allItemsMatch<
    C1: Container, C2: Container
    where C1.ItemType == C2.ItemType, C1.ItemType: Equatable>
    (someContainer: C1, anotherContainer: C2) -> Bool {
        
        // check that both containers contain the same number of items
        if someContainer.count != anotherContainer.count {
            return false
        }
        
        // check each pair of items to see if they are equivalent
        for i in 0..someContainer.count {
            if someContainer[i] != anotherContainer[i] {
                return false
            }
        }
        
        // all items match, so return true
        return true
}