文章目录
群
由一个集合 G G G和一个运算 ⋅ · ⋅ 构成,运算过程即为集合中任何两个元素 a , b a,b a,b, a ⋅ b a·b a⋅b的过程,运算 ⋅ · ⋅为具体给出的任意一种可行的运算,需要满足群公理的四个要求:
- 封闭性: ∀ a , b ∈ G , ∃ c ∈ G , a ⋅ b = c \forall a,b\in G,\exists c\in G,a·b=c ∀a,b∈G,∃c∈G,a⋅b=c
- 结合律: ∀ a , b , c ∈ G , ( a ⋅ b ) ⋅ c = a ⋅ ( b ⋅ c ) \forall a,b,c\in G,(a·b)·c=a·(b·c) ∀a,b,c∈G,(a⋅b)⋅c=a⋅(b⋅c)
- 单位元: ∃ e ∈ G , ∀ a ∈ G , a ⋅ e = e ⋅ a = a \exists e\in G,\forall a\in G,a·e=e·a=a ∃e∈G,∀a∈G,a⋅e=e⋅a=a
- 逆元: ∀ a ∈ G , ∃ b ∈ G , a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a = e , 记 b = a − 1 \forall a\in G,\exists b\in G,a·b=b·a=e,记b=a^{-1} ∀a∈G,∃b∈G,a⋅b=b⋅a=e,记b=a−1
置换
下面是一个置换,
( 1 2 3 . . . n a 1 a 2 a 3 . . . a n ) \begin {pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & ... & n \\ a_1 & a_2 & a_3 & ... & a_n \end {pmatrix} (1a12a23a3......nan)
将群的运算(即基本变换方式)用 f