前言
读者必读
:本篇文章主要内容:本人回顾之前学习的复变函数,看到几个比较有趣、重要的题目,分享一下解题思路,就当复习知识。(本来是要把数值分析的几个实验都写完的,但是之前学习过程中遇到这几个好题目感觉要记下来就多了这篇文章,如果还有很好的题目我还会再往这里面添加。)
接下来,继续更新之前数值分析实验的东西,中间也会夹杂几个专业实习的内容。
1. 级数题目
题目1:设函数
f
(
z
)
f\left(z\right)
f(z)在圆域
∣
z
∣
<
R
\left|z\right|<R
∣z∣<R内解析,
S
n
=
∑
k
=
0
n
f
(
k
)
(
0
)
k
!
z
k
S_n=\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{f^{\left(k\right)}\left(0\right)}{k!}z^k
Sn=∑k=0nk!f(k)(0)zk 试证
(1)
S
n
(
z
)
=
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
n
+
1
−
z
n
+
1
ξ
−
z
d
ξ
ξ
n
+
1
(
∣
z
∣
<
r
<
R
)
S_n\left(z\right)=\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}f\left(\xi\right)\frac{\xi^{n+1}-z^{n+1}}{\xi-z}\frac{d\xi}{\xi^{n+1}}\;\;\;\left(\left|z\right|<r<R\right)
Sn(z)=2πi1∣ξ∣=r∮f(ξ)ξ−zξn+1−zn+1ξn+1dξ(∣z∣<r<R)
(2)
f
(
z
)
−
S
n
(
z
)
=
z
n
+
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
n
+
1
(
ξ
−
z
)
d
ξ
(
∣
z
∣
<
r
<
R
)
f\left(z\right)-S_n\left(z\right)=\frac{z^{n+1}}{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\xi^{n+1}\left(\xi-z\right)}d\xi\;\;\;\left(\left|z\right|<r<R\right)
f(z)−Sn(z)=2πizn+1∣ξ∣=r∮ξn+1(ξ−z)f(ξ)dξ(∣z∣<r<R)
证明如下:
(1)利用n阶导数公式:
f
(
n
)
(
z
0
)
n
!
=
1
2
π
i
∮
C
f
(
ξ
)
(
ξ
−
z
0
)
n
+
1
d
ξ
(
n
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
)
\frac{f^{\left(n\right)}\left(z_0\right)}{n!}=\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\limits_C\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\left(\xi-z_0\right)^{n+1}}d\xi\;\;\;\;\left(n=1,2,\cdots\right)
n!f(n)(z0)=2πi1C∮(ξ−z0)n+1f(ξ)dξ(n=1,2,⋯) 可以得到:
f
(
k
)
(
0
)
k
!
=
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
(
ξ
−
0
)
n
+
1
d
ξ
\frac{f^{\left(k\right)}\left(0\right)}{k!}=\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\left(\xi-0\right)^{n+1}}d\xi
k!f(k)(0)=2πi1∣ξ∣=r∮(ξ−0)n+1f(ξ)dξ 代入
S
n
S_n
Sn:
S
n
(
z
)
=
∑
k
=
0
n
f
(
k
)
(
0
)
k
!
z
k
=
∑
k
=
0
n
z
k
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
n
+
1
d
ξ
=
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
n
+
1
∑
k
=
0
n
z
k
d
ξ
=
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
∑
k
=
0
n
(
z
ξ
)
k
d
ξ
=
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
(
ξ
n
+
1
−
z
n
+
1
)
ξ
n
+
1
(
ξ
−
z
)
d
ξ
(
∣
z
∣
<
r
<
R
)
S_n\left(z\right)=\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{f^{\left(k\right)}\left(0\right)}{k!}z^k\\{}^{}\\\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;=\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{z^k}{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\xi^{n+1}}d\xi\\{}^{}\\\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;=\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\xi^{n+1}}\sum_{k=0}^nz^k\;d\xi\\{}^{}\\\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;=\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}\xi\sum_{k=0}^n\left(\frac z\xi\right)^k\;d\xi\\{}^{}\\\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;=\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)\left(\xi^{n+1}-z^{n+1}\right)}{\xi^{n+1}\left(\xi-z\right)}d\xi\;\;\left(\left|z\right|<r<R\right)
Sn(z)=k=0∑nk!f(k)(0)zk=k=0∑n2πizk∣ξ∣=r∮ξn+1f(ξ)dξ=2πi1∣ξ∣=r∮ξn+1f(ξ)k=0∑nzkdξ=2πi1∣ξ∣=r∮ξf(ξ)k=0∑n(ξz)kdξ=2πi1∣ξ∣=r∮ξn+1(ξ−z)f(ξ)(ξn+1−zn+1)dξ(∣z∣<r<R)
注意
:其中利用高中学习的等比数列就可以得到
∑
k
=
0
n
(
z
ξ
)
k
=
(
1
−
(
z
ξ
)
n
+
1
)
1
−
z
ξ
=
(
ξ
n
+
1
−
z
n
+
1
)
ξ
n
(
ξ
−
z
)
\sum_{k=0}^n\left(\frac z\xi\right)^k=\frac{\left(1-\left(\frac z\xi\right)^{n+1}\right)}{1-\frac z\xi}=\frac{\left(\xi^{n+1}-z^{n+1}\right)}{\xi^n\left(\xi-z\right)}
k=0∑n(ξz)k=1−ξz(1−(ξz)n+1)=ξn(ξ−z)(ξn+1−zn+1)
(2)利用柯西积分公式:
f
(
z
)
=
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
(
ξ
−
z
)
d
ξ
f\left(z\right)=\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\left(\xi-z\right)}d\xi
f(z)=2πi1∣ξ∣=r∮(ξ−z)f(ξ)dξ
结合第一问的证明:
f
(
z
)
−
S
n
(
z
)
=
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
(
ξ
−
z
)
d
ξ
−
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
(
ξ
n
+
1
−
z
n
+
1
)
ξ
n
+
1
(
ξ
−
z
)
d
ξ
=
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
z
n
+
1
ξ
n
+
1
(
ξ
−
z
)
d
ξ
=
z
n
+
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
n
+
1
(
ξ
−
z
)
d
ξ
(
∣
z
∣
<
r
<
R
)
f\left(z\right)-S_n\left(z\right)=\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\left(\xi-z\right)}d\xi-\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)\left(\xi^{n+1}-z^{n+1}\right)}{\xi^{n+1}\left(\xi-z\right)}d\xi\\{}^{}\\=\frac1{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)z^{n+1}}{\xi^{n+1}\left(\xi-z\right)}d\xi\\{{}}_{}\\\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;=\frac{z^{n+1}}{2\pi i}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\xi^{n+1}\left(\xi-z\right)}\;d\xi\;\;\left(\left|z\right|<r<R\right)
f(z)−Sn(z)=2πi1∣ξ∣=r∮(ξ−z)f(ξ)dξ−2πi1∣ξ∣=r∮ξn+1(ξ−z)f(ξ)(ξn+1−zn+1)dξ=2πi1∣ξ∣=r∮ξn+1(ξ−z)f(ξ)zn+1dξ=2πizn+1∣ξ∣=r∮ξn+1(ξ−z)f(ξ)dξ(∣z∣<r<R)
总结
这样证明结束了,主要是要学会熟练运用高阶导数公式和级数的计算。
题目2:设
f
(
z
)
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
a
n
z
n
(
∣
z
∣
<
R
1
)
,
g
(
z
)
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
b
n
z
n
(
∣
z
∣
<
R
2
)
f\left(z\right)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nz^n\left(\left|z\right|<R_1\right),g\left(z\right)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty b_nz^n\left(\left|z\right|<R_2\right)
f(z)=∑n=0∞anzn(∣z∣<R1),g(z)=∑n=0∞bnzn(∣z∣<R2) ,则对任意的
r
(
0
<
r
<
R
1
)
r\left(0<r<R_1\right)
r(0<r<R1) ,在
∣
z
∣
<
r
R
2
\left|z\right|<rR_2
∣z∣<rR2 内
∑
n
=
0
∞
a
n
b
n
z
n
=
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
g
(
z
ξ
)
d
ξ
ξ
\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nb_nz^n=\frac1{2\mathrm{πi}}\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}f\left(\xi\right)g\left(\frac z\xi\right)\frac{d\xi}\xi
∑n=0∞anbnzn=2πi1∣ξ∣=r∮f(ξ)g(ξz)ξdξ。
证明如下:
利用洛朗系数公式,这里可以得到
a
n
=
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
n
+
1
d
ξ
a_n=\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\xi^{n+1}}d\xi
an=∣ξ∣=r∮ξn+1f(ξ)dξ
再由题目可以知道
g
(
z
ξ
)
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
z
n
ξ
n
b
n
)
g\left(\frac z\xi\right)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\left(\frac{z^n}{\xi^n}b_n\right)
g(ξz)=n=0∑∞(ξnznbn)
将
a
n
a_n
an代入原式中:
∑
n
=
0
∞
a
n
b
n
z
n
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
n
+
1
d
ξ
⋅
b
n
z
n
=
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
n
+
1
b
n
z
n
)
d
ξ
=
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
z
n
ξ
n
+
1
b
n
)
d
ξ
=
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
z
n
ξ
n
b
n
)
d
ξ
=
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
r
f
(
ξ
)
ξ
g
(
z
ξ
)
d
ξ
\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nb_nz^n=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\xi^{n+1}}d\xi\cdot b_nz^n\\\;\\\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;=\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\sum_{n=0}^\infty\left(\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}{\xi^{n+1}}b_nz^n\right)d\xi\\\;\\\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;=\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}f\left(\xi\right)\sum_{n=0}^\infty\left(\frac{z^n}{\xi^{n+1}}b_n\right)d\xi\\\;\\\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;=\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}\xi\sum_{n=0}^\infty\left(\frac{z^n}{\xi^n}b_n\right)d\xi\\\;\\\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;=\oint\limits_{\left|\xi\right|=r}\frac{f\left(\xi\right)}\xi g\left(\frac z\xi\right)d\xi
n=0∑∞anbnzn=n=0∑∞∣ξ∣=r∮ξn+1f(ξ)dξ⋅bnzn=∣ξ∣=r∮n=0∑∞(ξn+1f(ξ)bnzn)dξ=∣ξ∣=r∮f(ξ)n=0∑∞(ξn+1znbn)dξ=∣ξ∣=r∮ξf(ξ)n=0∑∞(ξnznbn)dξ=∣ξ∣=r∮ξf(ξ)g(ξz)dξ
总结
这样证明结束了,主要是要学会熟练运用洛朗系数和级数的计算。
2.留数题目
题目1:计算积分
∮
∣
z
∣
=
1
4
z
sin
z
(
e
z
−
1
−
z
)
2
d
z
\oint\limits_{\left|z\right|=\frac14}\frac{z\sin z}{\left(e^z-1-z\right)^2}dz
∣z∣=41∮(ez−1−z)2zsinzdz
证明如下:
① 对于利用留数定理计算积分,首先单独观察被积函数是否存在极点。在这一眼可以看出被积函数存在极点且为
z
=
0
z = 0
z=0,但是很难看出
z
=
0
z = 0
z=0为几级极点。
② 很显然利用定义法很难判断为几级极点,这里利用其中(个人觉得最好的判断方法)
定理:
如果
z
0
z_0
z0是
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)的
m
m
m级极点,那么
1
f
(
z
)
\frac{1}{{f\left( z \right)}}
f(z)1的
m
m
m级零点。即:
f
(
z
)
=
1
(
z
−
z
0
)
m
g
(
z
)
,
(
g
(
z
0
)
≠
0
)
f(z) = \frac{1}{{{{(z - {z_0})}^m}}}g(z),(g({z_0}) \ne 0)
f(z)=(z−z0)m1g(z),(g(z0)=0)
③ 对被积函数分子,分母进行各自Taylor展开:
f
(
z
)
=
z
sin
z
(
e
z
−
1
−
z
)
2
≈
z
(
z
−
z
3
3
!
+
z
5
5
!
−
⋯
)
(
z
2
2
!
+
z
3
3
!
+
⋯
)
2
=
z
2
(
1
−
z
2
3
!
+
z
4
5
!
−
⋯
)
z
4
(
1
2
!
+
z
3
!
+
⋯
)
2
=
(
1
−
z
2
3
!
+
z
4
5
!
−
⋯
)
z
2
(
1
2
!
+
z
3
!
+
⋯
)
2
=
1
z
2
(
1
−
z
2
3
!
+
z
4
5
!
−
⋯
)
(
1
2
!
+
z
3
!
+
⋯
)
2
f\left( z \right) = \frac{{z\sin z}}{{{{\left( {{e^z} - 1 - z} \right)}^2}}} \approx \frac{{z\left( {z - \frac{{{z^3}}}{{3!}} + \frac{{{z^5}}}{{5!}} -\cdots } \right)}}{{{{\left( {\frac{{{z^2}}}{{2!}} + \frac{{{z^3}}}{{3!}} + \cdots } \right)}^2}}}\\\;\\\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\ = \frac{{{z^2}\left( {1 - \frac{{{z^2}}}{{3!}} + \frac{{{z^4}}}{{5!}} - \cdots} \right)}}{{{z^4}{{\left( {\frac{1}{{2!}} + \frac{z}{{3!}} + \cdots } \right)}^2}}} = \frac{{\left( {1 - \frac{{{z^2}}}{{3!}} + \frac{{{z^4}}}{{5!}} - \cdots} \right)}}{{{z^2}{{\left( {\frac{1}{{2!}} + \frac{z}{{3!}} + \cdots } \right)}^2}}}\\\;\\\\ = \frac{1}{{{z^2}}}\frac{{\left( {1 - \frac{{{z^2}}}{{3!}} + \frac{{{z^4}}}{{5!}} -\cdots } \right)}}{{{{\left( {\frac{1}{{2!}} + \frac{z}{{3!}} + \cdots } \right)}^2}}} \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;
f(z)=(ez−1−z)2zsinz≈(2!z2+3!z3+⋯)2z(z−3!z3+5!z5−⋯) =z4(2!1+3!z+⋯)2z2(1−3!z2+5!z4−⋯)=z2(2!1+3!z+⋯)2(1−3!z2+5!z4−⋯)=z21(2!1+3!z+⋯)2(1−3!z2+5!z4−⋯) 令:
g
(
z
)
=
(
1
−
z
2
3
!
+
z
4
5
!
−
)
(
1
2
!
+
z
3
!
+
⋯
)
2
{g\left( z \right) = \frac{{\left( {1 - \frac{{{z^2}}}{{3!}} + \frac{{{z^4}}}{{5!}} - } \right)}}{{{{\left( {\frac{1}{{2!}} + \frac{z}{{3!}} + \cdots } \right)}^2}}}}
g(z)=(2!1+3!z+⋯)2(1−3!z2+5!z4−) 可以一眼看出:
z
=
0
,
g
(
z
)
≠
0
,
z
=
0
z = 0,g\left( z \right) \ne 0,z = 0
z=0,g(z)=0,z=0为二级极点
④ 原式:
∮
∣
z
∣
=
1
4
z
sin
z
(
e
z
−
1
−
z
)
2
d
z
=
2
π
i
⋅
R
e
s
[
z
sin
z
(
e
z
−
1
−
z
)
2
,
0
]
=
2
π
i
⋅
lim
z
→
0
d
d
z
(
z
sin
z
(
e
z
−
1
−
z
)
2
z
2
)
=
2
π
i
⋅
lim
z
→
0
3
z
2
sin
z
(
e
z
−
1
−
z
)
+
z
3
cos
z
(
e
z
−
1
−
z
)
−
2
z
3
sin
z
(
e
z
−
1
)
(
e
z
−
1
−
z
)
3
=
2
π
i
⋅
lim
z
→
0
3
z
3
(
z
2
2
!
+
z
3
3
!
)
+
z
3
(
z
2
2
!
+
z
3
3
!
)
−
2
z
4
(
z
+
z
2
2
!
)
(
z
2
2
!
)
3
=
2
π
i
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\begin{array}{l} \oint\limits_{\left| z \right| = \frac{1}{4}} {\frac{{z\sin z}}{{{{\left( {{e^z} - 1 - z} \right)}^2}}}} dz\\\;\\ = 2\pi i \cdot {\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} s\left[ {\frac{{z\sin z}}{{{{\left( {{e^z} - 1 - z} \right)}^2}}},0} \right]\\\;\\ = 2\pi i \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{z \to 0} \frac{d}{{dz}}\left( {\frac{{z\sin z}}{{{{\left( {{e^z} - 1 - z} \right)}^2}}}{z^2}} \right)\\\;\\ = 2\pi i \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{z \to 0} \frac{{3{z^2}\sin z\left( {{e^z} - 1 - z} \right) + {z^3}\cos z\left( {{e^z} - 1 - z} \right) - 2{z^3}\sin z\left( {{e^z} - 1} \right)}}{{{{\left( {{e^z} - 1 - z} \right)}^3}}}\\\;\\ = 2\pi i \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{z \to 0} \frac{{3{z^3}\left( {\frac{{{z^2}}}{{2!}} + \frac{{{z^3}}}{{3!}}} \right) + {z^3}\left( {\frac{{{z^2}}}{{2!}} + \frac{{{z^3}}}{{3!}}} \right) - 2{z^4}\left( {z + \frac{{{z^2}}}{{2!}}} \right)}}{{{{\left( {\frac{{{z^2}}}{{2!}}} \right)}^3}}}\\\;\\ = 2\pi i \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{z \to 0} \frac{{4{z^3}\left( {\frac{{{z^2}}}{{2!}} + \frac{{{z^3}}}{{3!}}} \right) - 2{z^4}\left( {z + \frac{{{z^2}}}{{2!}}} \right)}}{{{{\left( {\frac{{{z^2}}}{{2!}}} \right)}^3}}}\\\;\\ = 2\pi i \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{z \to 0} \frac{{4{z^3}\left( {\frac{{{z^3}}}{{3!}}} \right) - 2{z^4}\left( {\frac{{{z^2}}}{{2!}}} \right)}}{{{{\left( {\frac{{{z^2}}}{{2!}}} \right)}^3}}}\\\;\\ =2\pi i \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{z \to 0} \frac{{\frac{2}{3} - 1}}{{\frac{1}{8}}} = - \frac{{16}}{3}\pi i \end{array}
∣z∣=41∮(ez−1−z)2zsinzdz=2πi⋅Res[(ez−1−z)2zsinz,0]=2πi⋅z→0limdzd((ez−1−z)2zsinzz2)=2πi⋅z→0lim(ez−1−z)33z2sinz(ez−1−z)+z3cosz(ez−1−z)−2z3sinz(ez−1)=2πi⋅z→0lim(2!z2)33z3(2!z2+3!z3)+z3(2!z2+3!z3)−2z4(z+2!z2)=2πi⋅z→0lim(2!z2)34z3(2!z2+3!z3)−2z4(z+2!z2)=2πi⋅z→0lim(2!z2)34z3(3!z3)−2z4(2!z2)=2πi⋅z→0lim8132−1=−316πi
注意:
第三步求极限中将
sin
z
∼
z
{\sin z}\sim z
sinz∼z 学过高数的都应该知道等价无穷小,如果忘了等价无穷小可以把高数的书再回忆一下。
总结:
求很复杂的极限的时候合理利用等价无穷小,洛必塔,Taylor展开是解决一道极限题最好的方法。很多人一看到了上式中的
0
0
\frac{0}{0}
00 的极限第一反应会选择洛必塔法(万式皆可洛必塔,万能法),偶尔会遇到分子和分母求完导数会越来越复杂,其实求极限就是越来越简化直到简化到自己能够一眼看出极限答案,充分综合利用上面的三种方法解决极限题必将事半功倍。
这道题有两个重点,一个是要学会如何正确判断被积函数的极点,另一个是求留数定理,在求留数的过程中一定会遇到求极限的,求极限不是复变函数的重点,极限不会或者忘记的话还是把大一学习的高数或者数分回顾。