android的UI开发工程师指引

不管是MFC，还是linux，还是android，UI开发都是如下两大核心机制：

第一个是消息循环，第二个是界面组织结构。

围绕着这些，衍生出来的OpenGL，SurfaceView，SurfaceFinger等都是为这两大机制服务的。

 

打一个比方。

 

 

消息循环是UI中的发动机。

 

界面组织结构就是UI的设计结构。

 

而其他的东西，则是建立在这些基础之上的。

 

理解这两大块儿，那么android的UI基础就学得差不多了。这个时候可以结合一些例子，来做一些真正有意义的开发，例如UI特效啊。自定义动画啊。。。。也可以顺便把动画机制给理解吃透。

 

 

接下来就学一下Canvas，SurfaceFlinger，Matrix，来做一些特效。

如果想更深入地学习。那么学习一下OpenGL。

再想深入的话，学习一下JNI编程。

再深入的话，把java虚拟机给了解一下，也许对于提高程序效率帮助很大。

 

 

本篇就介绍一下消息队列：

 

android_os_MessageQueue.cpp

MessageQueue.java

Looper.cpp (frameworks\base\native\android) 2369 2011/12/12

Looper.java (frameworks\base\core\java\android\os) 8874 2011/12/12
Handler.java (frameworks\base\core\java\android\os) 23620 2011/12/12

Activity中的事件默认都是在UI线程中发生的。

这意味着Activity中的任何一个函数执行完之后，都要回到消息队列，这个节点。handleMessage结束之后，就会再次去消息队列查看消息。这跟windows上开发的消息队列的概念是一致的。

 

 

1.入队：

入队的时候，按照Message.when的大小进行排序。如果时间相同，那么按照入队的先后进行排序。

如果入队的时候，时间戳为0，那么就激活消息管道。否则不激活等超时。

 

MessageQueue.java

    final boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new AndroidRuntimeException(msg
                    + " This message is already in use.");
        }
        if (msg.target == null && !mQuitAllowed) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Main thread not allowed to quit");
        }
        final boolean needWake;
        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuiting) {
                RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e);
                return false;
            } else if (msg.target == null) {
                mQuiting = true;
            }

            msg.when = when;
            //Log.d("MessageQueue", "Enqueing: " + msg);
            Message p = mMessages;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked; // new head, might need to wake up
            } else {
                Message prev = null;
                while (p != null && p.when <= when) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                }
                msg.next = prev.next;
                prev.next = msg;
                needWake = false; // still waiting on head, no need to wake up
            }
        }
        if (needWake) {
            nativeWake(mPtr);
        }
        return true;
    }

 

2. 遍历

遍历的时候，按照队列头部的时间戳（为0，则立即调用，否则等待超时），进行poll函数调用。

 

  final Message next() {
        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;

        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }
            nativePollOnce(mPtr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                final Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null) {
                    final long when = msg.when;
                    if (now >= when) {
                        mBlocked = false;
                        mMessages = msg.next;
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (false) Log.v("MessageQueue", "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    } else {
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    }
                } else {
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

                // If first time, then get the number of idlers to run.
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0) {
                    pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                }
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount == 0) {
                    // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                    mBlocked = true;
                    continue;
                }

                if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                }
                mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
            }

            // Run the idle handlers.
            // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
            for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

                boolean keep = false;
                try {
                    keep = idler.queueIdle();
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    Log.wtf("MessageQueue", "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                }

                if (!keep) {
                    synchronized (this) {
                        mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
            pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

            // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
            // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
            nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        }
    }

 

 

 

3.。 下面看一下looper的loop函数

 

Looper.java (frameworks\base\core\java\android\os) 8874 2011/12/12

 public static void loop() {
        Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
        
        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        
        while (true) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg != null) {
                if (msg.target == null) {
                    // No target is a magic identifier for the quit message.
                    return;
                }

                long wallStart = 0;
                long threadStart = 0;

                // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
                Printer logging = me.mLogging;
                if (logging != null) {
                    logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                            msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
                    wallStart = SystemClock.currentTimeMicro();
                    threadStart = SystemClock.currentThreadTimeMicro();
                }

                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

                if (logging != null) {
                    long wallTime = SystemClock.currentTimeMicro() - wallStart;
                    long threadTime = SystemClock.currentThreadTimeMicro() - threadStart;

                    logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
                    if (logging instanceof Profiler) {
                        ((Profiler) logging).profile(msg, wallStart, wallTime,
                                threadStart, threadTime);
                    }
                }

                // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
                // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
                final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                if (ident != newIdent) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                            + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                            + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                            + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                            + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
                }
                
                msg.recycle();
            }
        }
    }

sendMessage调用的queMessage，这与windows很不相同。

 

5. 一个小小的设计，则是效率上N倍以上的提升。

另外在UI开发中invalidate到最后的时候，就是一个sendMessage，而不是直接调用traversal方法。为的就是异步处理，防止一个循环周期中调用多次invalidate。这样可以给程序一个联合rect的机会。

代码如下：

 

注意mTraversalScheduled这个成员，是理解本机制的关键：

ViewRoot.java

    void invalidate() {
        mDirty.set(0, 0, mWidth, mHeight);
        scheduleTraversals();
    }

 

 public void scheduleTraversals() {
        if (!mTraversalScheduled) {
            mTraversalScheduled = true;

            //noinspection ConstantConditions
            if (ViewDebug.DEBUG_LATENCY && mLastTraversalFinishedTimeNanos != 0) {
                final long now = System.nanoTime();
                Log.d(TAG, "Latency: Scheduled traversal, it has been "
                        + ((now - mLastTraversalFinishedTimeNanos) * 0.000001f)
                        + "ms since the last traversal finished.");
            }

            sendEmptyMessage(DO_TRAVERSAL);
        }
    }

 

完毕。这是我对UI开发的一些基础性的理解，请扔砖。也希望能抛砖引玉吧。

 

6.next函数一开始就调用了poolInner。来扫描一下用户事件，并直接调用到onTouchEvent等：

 

int Looper::pollInner(int timeoutMillis) {
#if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
    LOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - waiting: timeoutMillis=%d", this, timeoutMillis);
#endif

    // Adjust the timeout based on when the next message is due.
    if (timeoutMillis != 0 && mNextMessageUptime != LLONG_MAX) {
        nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
        int messageTimeoutMillis = toMillisecondTimeoutDelay(now, mNextMessageUptime);
        if (messageTimeoutMillis >= 0
                && (timeoutMillis < 0 || messageTimeoutMillis < timeoutMillis)) {
            timeoutMillis = messageTimeoutMillis;
        }
#if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
        LOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - next message in %lldns, adjusted timeout: timeoutMillis=%d",
                this, mNextMessageUptime - now, timeoutMillis);
#endif
    }

    // Poll.
    int result = ALOOPER_POLL_WAKE;
    mResponses.clear();
    mResponseIndex = 0;

#ifdef LOOPER_STATISTICS
    nsecs_t pollStartTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
#endif

#ifdef LOOPER_USES_EPOLL
    struct epoll_event eventItems[EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS];
    int eventCount = epoll_wait(mEpollFd, eventItems, EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, timeoutMillis);
#else
    // Wait for wakeAndLock() waiters to run then set mPolling to true.
    mLock.lock();
    while (mWaiters != 0) {
        mResume.wait(mLock);
    }
    mPolling = true;
    mLock.unlock();

    size_t requestedCount = mRequestedFds.size();
    int eventCount = poll(mRequestedFds.editArray(), requestedCount, timeoutMillis);
#endif

    // Acquire lock.
    mLock.lock();

    // Check for poll error.
    if (eventCount < 0) {
        if (errno == EINTR) {
            goto Done;
        }
        LOGW("Poll failed with an unexpected error, errno=%d", errno);
        result = ALOOPER_POLL_ERROR;
        goto Done;
    }

    // Check for poll timeout.
    if (eventCount == 0) {
#if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
        LOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - timeout", this);
#endif
        result = ALOOPER_POLL_TIMEOUT;
        goto Done;
    }

    // Handle all events.
#if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE
    LOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - handling events from %d fds", this, eventCount);
#endif

#ifdef LOOPER_USES_EPOLL
    for (int i = 0; i < eventCount; i++) {
        int fd = eventItems[i].data.fd;
        uint32_t epollEvents = eventItems[i].events;
        if (fd == mWakeReadPipeFd) {
            if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) {
                awoken();
            } else {
                LOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on wake read pipe.", epollEvents);
            }
        } else {
            ssize_t requestIndex = mRequests.indexOfKey(fd);
            if (requestIndex >= 0) {
                int events = 0;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLIN) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_INPUT;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLOUT) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_OUTPUT;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLERR) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_ERROR;
                if (epollEvents & EPOLLHUP) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_HANGUP;
                pushResponse(events, mRequests.valueAt(requestIndex));
            } else {
                LOGW("Ignoring unexpected epoll events 0x%x on fd %d that is "
                        "no longer registered.", epollEvents, fd);
            }
        }
    }
Done: ;
#else
    for (size_t i = 0; i < requestedCount; i++) {
        const struct pollfd& requestedFd = mRequestedFds.itemAt(i);

        short pollEvents = requestedFd.revents;
        if (pollEvents) {
            if (requestedFd.fd == mWakeReadPipeFd) {
                if (pollEvents & POLLIN) {
                    awoken();
                } else {
                    LOGW("Ignoring unexpected poll events 0x%x on wake read pipe.", pollEvents);
                }
            } else {
                int events = 0;
                if (pollEvents & POLLIN) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_INPUT;
                if (pollEvents & POLLOUT) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_OUTPUT;
                if (pollEvents & POLLERR) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_ERROR;
                if (pollEvents & POLLHUP) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_HANGUP;
                if (pollEvents & POLLNVAL) events |= ALOOPER_EVENT_INVALID;
                pushResponse(events, mRequests.itemAt(i));
            }
            if (--eventCount == 0) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
Done:
    // Set mPolling to false and wake up the wakeAndLock() waiters.
    mPolling = false;
    if (mWaiters != 0) {
        mAwake.broadcast();
    }
#endif

#ifdef LOOPER_STATISTICS
    nsecs_t pollEndTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
    mSampledPolls += 1;
    if (timeoutMillis == 0) {
        mSampledZeroPollCount += 1;
        mSampledZeroPollLatencySum += pollEndTime - pollStartTime;
    } else if (timeoutMillis > 0 && result == ALOOPER_POLL_TIMEOUT) {
        mSampledTimeoutPollCount += 1;
        mSampledTimeoutPollLatencySum += pollEndTime - pollStartTime
                - milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(timeoutMillis);
    }
    if (mSampledPolls == SAMPLED_POLLS_TO_AGGREGATE) {
        LOGD("%p ~ poll latency statistics: %0.3fms zero timeout, %0.3fms non-zero timeout", this,
                0.000001f * float(mSampledZeroPollLatencySum) / mSampledZeroPollCount,
                0.000001f * float(mSampledTimeoutPollLatencySum) / mSampledTimeoutPollCount);
        mSampledPolls = 0;
        mSampledZeroPollCount = 0;
        mSampledZeroPollLatencySum = 0;
        mSampledTimeoutPollCount = 0;
        mSampledTimeoutPollLatencySum = 0;
    }
#endif

    // Invoke pending message callbacks.
    mNextMessageUptime = LLONG_MAX;
    while (mMessageEnvelopes.size() != 0) {
        nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
        const MessageEnvelope& messageEnvelope = mMessageEnvelopes.itemAt(0);
        if (messageEnvelope.uptime <= now) {
            // Remove the envelope from the list.
            // We keep a strong reference to the handler until the call to handleMessage
            // finishes.  Then we drop it so that the handler can be deleted *before*
            // we reacquire our lock.
            { // obtain handler
                sp<MessageHandler> handler = messageEnvelope.handler;
                Message message = messageEnvelope.message;
                mMessageEnvelopes.removeAt(0);
                mSendingMessage = true;
                mLock.unlock();

#if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE || DEBUG_CALLBACKS
                LOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - sending message: handler=%p, what=%d",
                        this, handler.get(), message.what);
#endif
                handler->handleMessage(message);
            } // release handler

            mLock.lock();
            mSendingMessage = false;
            result = ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK;
        } else {
            // The last message left at the head of the queue determines the next wakeup time.
            mNextMessageUptime = messageEnvelope.uptime;
            break;
        }
    }

    // Release lock.
    mLock.unlock();

    // Invoke all response callbacks.
    for (size_t i = 0; i < mResponses.size(); i++) {
        const Response& response = mResponses.itemAt(i);
        ALooper_callbackFunc callback = response.request.callback;
        if (callback) {
            int fd = response.request.fd;
            int events = response.events;
            void* data = response.request.data;
#if DEBUG_POLL_AND_WAKE || DEBUG_CALLBACKS
            LOGD("%p ~ pollOnce - invoking fd event callback %p: fd=%d, events=0x%x, data=%p",
                    this, callback, fd, events, data);
#endif
            int callbackResult = callback(fd, events, data);
            if (callbackResult == 0) {
                removeFd(fd);
            }
            result = ALOOPER_POLL_CALLBACK;
        }
    }
    return result;
}