表层差分阻抗4ohm是什么鬼?

一博科技高速先生原创文 | 刘丽娟

自从有了67G的矢网,需要测试的板子不知怎的就突然多起来了呢。今天给大家分享一个我们前段时间遇到的测试案例。

芯片之间有一组高速信号,走线的设计阻抗是100ohm,给到加工的要求是100ohm+/-10%,但由于是打样阶段,对芯片不太放心,客户希望我们能够帮他们挑几片阻抗尽可能的好的板子,先贴两片看看测试情况如何,再决定是否往下继续贴片,毕竟芯片挺贵的。

(我们SI人力也很贵的,好不啦……大家轻易就不要玩这种操作了,会测得老眼昏花、目光呆滞)

 

这组高速信号一共4对线,先测了三对线,测试结果显示前面三对线阻抗控制得都还不错,trace的差分阻抗在102~104ohm之间。测到最后一对线时,差分阻抗突然掉到4ohm了,这是什么情况?咦~~~有好玩的!(作为SI工程师,千篇一律的好见得多了,反而喜欢偶尔来点不一样的坏,不然生活真的好无趣呐~)

客户没有给我们brd文件,不过好在走的是表层微带线,我们这双快瞎掉的眼睛勉强还够用。我们从芯片的pad开始,从头到尾把这对线仔细观察了一番,发现有个地方长得跟别人不一样,明显不平整,有异常凸起的感觉。

回到前面的测试图,从阻抗的测试结果看是短路的症状,但到底是谁跟谁短路了呢?这个时候都不需要用什么仪器,用最简单的方法进行排查——万用表。我们把差分线中的一根线(假设是P)和GND点了一下:开路;另一根线(N)和GND点一下:开路;P和N点一下:万用表开始尖叫——P和N短路了!

 

这对差分线中的P和N短路了,我们再看看短路是不是就发生在外观异常处。我们从时间上推算,阻抗跌落到4ohm的位置出现在测试点往后大概250ps的位置,就是4cm左右的位置,刚好就在外观异常处。

这说明表层的线起皮了,没有牢牢粘在PP上,差分对里的P跑去跟旁边N那根线来了一下亲密接触,就这么一下下,这块板就彻底作死了。

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Just when you thought you had mastered Zo, the characteristic impedance of a PCB trace, along comes a data sheet that tells you to design for a specific differential impedance. And to make things tougher, it says things like: “… since the coupling of two traces can lower the effective impedance, use 50 Ohm design rules to achieve a differential impedance of approximately 80 Ohms!” Is that confusing or what!! This article shows you what differential impedance is. But more than that, it discusses why it is, and shows you how to make the correct calculations. Single Trace: Figure 1(a) illustrates a typical, individual trace. It has a characteristic impedance, Zo, and carries a current, i. The voltage along it, at any point, is (from Ohm’s law) V = Zo*i. General case, trace pair: Figure 1(b) illustrates a pair of traces. Trace 1 has a characteristic impedance Z11, which corresponds to Zo, above, and current i1. Trace 2 is similarly defined. As we bring Trace 2 closer to Trace 1, current from Trace 2 begins to couple into Trace 1 with a proportionality constant, k. Similarly, Trace 1’s current, i1, begins to couple into Trace 2 with the same proportionality constant. The voltage on each trace, at any point, again from Ohm’s law, is: V1 = Z11 * i1 + Z11 * k * i2 Eqs. 1 V2 = Z22 * i2 + Z22 * k * i1 Now let’s define Z12 = k*Z11 and Z21 = k*Z22. Then, Eqs. 1 can be written as: V1 = Z11 * i1 + Z12 * i2 Eqs. 2 V2 = Z21 * i1 + Z22 * i2 This is the familiar pair of simultaneous equations we often see in texts. The equations can be generalized into an arbitrary number of traces, and they can be expressed in a matrix form that is familiar to many of you. Special case, differential pair: Figure 1(c) illustrates a differential pair of traces. Repeating Equations 1: V1 = Z11 * i1 + Z11 * k * i2 Eqs. 1 V2 = Z22 * i2 + Z22 * k * i1 Now, note that in a carefully designed and balanced situation, Z11 = Z22 = Zo, and i2 = -i1 This leads (with a little manipulation) to: V1 = Zo * i1 * (1-k)
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