PyTorch 深度学习(一)

https://pytorch.apachecn.org/docs/1.7/02.html

 

最近没有正经看过源码,在回溯一下,以免忘记。

pytorch有自动微分机制。

张量

可以理解为多维数组

张量初始化

import torch
import numpy as np
#****************直接生成张量****************#
data = [[1,2],[3,4]]
x_data = torch.tensor(data)
#***************numpy生成张量****************#
np_array = np.array(data)
x_np = torch.from_numpy(np_array)
#****************张量生成张量****************#
x_ones = torch.ones_like(x_data) # 保留x_data属性
x_rand = torch.rand_like(x_data, dtype=torch.float) # 设置x_data数据类型
print(f"Ones Tensor: \n {x_ones} \n")
print(f"Random Tensor: \n {x_rand} \n")
#**************生成指定维度张量**************#
shape = (2,3,)
rand_tensor = torch.rand(shape)
ones_tensor = torch.ones(shape)
zeros_tensor = torch.zeros(shape)
print(f"Random Tensor: \n {rand_tensor} \n")
print(f"Ones Tensor: \n {ones_tensor} \n")
print(f"Zeros Tensor: \n {zeros_tensor}")
#******************张量属性******************#
tensor = torch.rand(3,4)
print(f"Shape of tensor: {tensor.shape}") # 维数
print(f"Datatype of tensor: {tensor.dtype}") # 数据类型
print(f"Device tensor is stored on: {tensor.device}") # 设备

张量运算

import torch
import numpy as np
#******************GPU检测*******************#
tensor = torch.rand(3, 4)
if torch.cuda.is_available(): # 有可用GPU
    tensor = tensor.to("cuda") # 将tensor导入GPU
#*****************索引和切片*****************#
tensor = torch.ones(4, 4)
tensor[:,1] = 0 # 将第1列(从0开始)数据全部设置为0
print(tensor)
#******************张量拼接******************#
t1 = torch.cat([tensor, tensor, tensor], dim = 1) # 和numpy一样,除了cat还有stack
print(t1)
#******************张量点乘******************#
print(f"tensor.mul(tensor): \n {tensor.mul(tensor)} \n")
print(f"tensor * tensor: \n {tensor * tensor}")
#******************张量叉乘******************#
print(f"tensor.matmul(tensor.T): \n {tensor.matmul(tensor.T)} \n")
print(f"tensor @ tensor.T: \n {tensor @ tensor.T}")
#****************张量自动赋值****************#
print(tensor, "\n")
tensor.add_(5)# 自动赋值,实际上就是不创建新的变量,直接将数值操作在本变量上,一般在运算符后加入"_",如x.copy_(y)、x.t_()
print(tensor)#自动赋值运算虽然可以节省内存, 但在求导时会因为丢失了中间过程而导致一些问题, 所以我们并不鼓励使用它。

与numpy转换

import torch
import numpy as np
#****************张量转numpy*****************#
t = torch.ones(5)
print(f"t: {t}")
n = t.numpy()
print(f"n: {n}")
t.add_(1)#tensor和numpy公用一块内存,两者改变一个同时改变
print(f"t: {t}")
print(f"n: {n}")
#*****************numpy转张量****************#
np.add(n, 1, out=n)#tensor和numpy公用一块内存,两者改变一个同时改变
print(f"t: {t}")
print(f"n: {n}")

torch.autograd

也就是自动微分

import torch, torchvision
#**************pytorch训练步骤***************#
model = torchvision.models.resnet18(pretrained=True) # 在torchvision中加载一个预训练的resnet18模型
data = torch.rand(1, 3, 64, 64) # 随机生成一个3通道的单张图像
labels = torch.rand(1, 1000) # 随机生成一些label
#******************正向传播*****************#
prediction = model(data) # forward pass
#*****************反向传播*****************#
loss = (prediction - labels).sum() # 计算loss
loss.backward() # backward pass,在误差张量上调用.backward()时开始计算反向传播.autograd计算出来的梯度存储在参数的.grad属性中
#*******************优化器*******************#
optim = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=le-2, momentum=0.9)#在优化器中注册模型用到的参数,如SGD优化器,学习率0.01,动量0.9
#******************梯度下降******************#
optim.step()#调用.step()启动梯度下降,然后优化器通过.grad中存储的梯度来调整每个参数

Autograd 的微分

import torch
#******************收集梯度******************#
a = torch.tensor([2., 3.], requires_grad=True)#requires_grad=True向autograd发出信号,跟踪他们对应的操作
b = torch.tensor([6., 4.], requires_grad=True)
Q = 3*a**3 - b**2 #Q = 3a^3 - b^2
'''
假定a、b为网络参数,Q是loss,计算的梯度就是
∂Q/∂a  =9a^2
∂Q/∂b  =-2b
当调用Q.backward()时,Autograd计算这些梯度,并将梯度存放在对应的grad属性中,如a.grad、b.grad
'''
external_grad = torch.tensor([1., 1.])#表示Q对本身的梯度dQ/dQ=1
Q.backward(gradient=external_grad)#显示的传递gradient参数,实际上就是求完梯度后前面的系数,形状与Q一致
# Q.sum().backward() # 聚合成一个标量,求导的时候就不需要系数了
print(-2*b )
print(b.grad)
print(9*a**2 == a.grad)# check if collected gradients are correct
print(-2*b == b.grad)

使用autograd的向量微积分

向量值函数y = f(x),则y相对于x的雅可比矩阵Jtorch.autograd是用于计算向量雅可比积的引擎

如果v恰好是标量函数的梯度,这里的标量也就是上面Q的gradient。

根据链式法则,vector-Jacobian ,external_grad表示v.

计算图

../../_img/dag_autograd.png

Autograd在右函数组成的有向无环图(DAG)中记录数据(张量)和所有已执行的操作(以及由此产生的新张量。),叶子数输入张量,根是输出张量。从根到叶子跟踪,使用链式法则自动计算梯度。

正向传播:

  • 根据请求的操作计算结果
  • 在DAG中维护操作对应参数的梯度函数

反向传播:

  • 从每个.grad_fn计算梯度
  • 累积保存在.grad属性中
  • 根据链式法则,将梯度传播到叶子张量。

DAG图中,箭头是正向传播,节点代表相应的操作。蓝色节点就是叶张量a、b。

DAG在pytorch中是动态的,图是从头开始重新创建的,在每个.backward()调用之后,autograd开始填充新图,这也是允许在模型中使用控制流的原因,可以根据需要在每次迭代中改变形状、大小、操作。

从 DAG 中排除

import torch
#******************收集梯度******************#
x = torch.rand(5, 5)#不需要梯度的张量默认或者设置成requires_grad=False,会将其从梯度计算 DAG 中排除。
y = torch.rand(5, 5)
z = torch.rand((5, 5), requires_grad=True) # torch.autograd跟踪所有将其requires_grad标志设置为True的张量的操作
a = x + y
b = x + z # 即使只有一个输入张量具有requires_grad=True,操作的输出张量也将需要梯度。
print(f"Does `a` require gradients? : {a.requires_grad}")
print(f"Does `b` require gradients?: {b.requires_grad}")

在网络中,如果不需要计算梯度参数,就成为冻结参数,如微调迁移学习。

from torch import nn, optim
model = torchvision.models.resnet18(pretrained=True) # 加载一个预训练的 resnet18 模型
# Freeze all the parameters in the network
for param in model.parameters():
    param.requires_grad = False # 冻结所有参数
model.fc = nn.Linear(512, 10) # 分类器是最后一个线性层,换为分类器的新线性层(默认情况下未冻结)
 # 除了model.fc的参数外,模型中的所有参数都将冻结。 计算梯度的唯一参数是model.fc的权重和偏差
# Optimize only the classifier
optimizer = optim.SGD(model.fc.parameters(), lr=1e-2, momentum=0.9)#尽管我们在优化器中注册了所有参数,但唯一可计算梯度的参数(因此会在梯度下降中进行更新)是分类器的权重和偏差。
#torch.no_grad()中的上下文管理器可以使用相同的排除功能。

神经网络

nn依赖于autograd来定义模型并对其进行微分。nn.Module包含层,以及返回output的方法forward(input)

convnet

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__();
        # 1 input image channel, 6 output channels, 3x3 square convolution kernel
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 3)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 3)
        # an affine operation: y = Wx + b
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 6 * 6, 120) # 6*6 from image dimension
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)
    def forward(self, x): # 只需要定义forward函数就可以使用autograd自动定义backward函数(计算梯度)
        # Max pooling over a (2, 2) window
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv1(x)),(2,2)) # 32*32->30*30->15*15  ; conv: O=(I-K+2P)/S+1;
        # If the size is a square you can only specify a single number
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv2(x)),2)#15*15->13*13->6*6
        x = x.view(-1, self.num_flat_features(x))#6*6
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x
    def num_flat_features(self,x):
        size = x.size()[1:] # all dimensions except the batch dimension
        num_features = 1
        for s in size:
            num_features *= s
        return num_features
net = Net()
print(net)
params = list(net.parameters()) # 模型的可学习参数
print(len(params))
print(params[0].size()) # conv1's .weight
input = torch.randn(1, 1, 32, 32) # 输入大小为32,如何计算出来的呢
'''
Conv:
    输入图片(Input)大小为I*I,
    卷积核(Filter)大小为K*K,
    步长(stride)为S,
    填充(Padding)的像素数为P,那卷积层输出(Output)的特征图大小为O=(I-K+2P)/S+1
'''
out = net(input)
print(out)
net.zero_grad() # 反向传播梯度缓冲区归零
out.backward(torch.randn(1,10)) # 随机梯度作为参数梯度
#torch.nn 输入nSamples x nChannels x Height x Width的 4D 张量;只有一个样本,只需使用input.unsqueeze(0)添加一个假批量尺寸
  • torch.Tensor多维数组,支持backward()自动微分。
  • nn.Module神经网络模块。封装参数方便。
  • nn.Parameter张量,将其分配给module属性时,自动注册为参数
  • autograd.Function自动微分正向和反向定义,每一个tensor操作都会创建至少一个function节点,该节点连接到创建的tensor函数,并编码历史记录。

损失函数

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__();
        # 1 input image channel, 6 output channels, 3x3 square convolution kernel
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 3)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 3)
        # an affine operation: y = Wx + b
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 6 * 6, 120) # 6*6 from image dimension
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)
    def forward(self, x): # 只需要定义forward函数就可以使用autograd自动定义backward函数(计算梯度)
        # Max pooling over a (2, 2) window
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv1(x)),(2,2)) # 32*32->30*30->15*15  ; conv: O=(I-K+2P)/S+1;
        # If the size is a square you can only specify a single number
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv2(x)),2)#15*15->13*13->6*6
        x = x.view(-1, self.num_flat_features(x))#6*6
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x
    def num_flat_features(self,x):
        size = x.size()[1:] # all dimensions except the batch dimension
        num_features = 1
        for s in size:
            num_features *= s
        return num_features
net = Net()
input = torch.randn(1, 1, 32, 32) # 输入大小为32,如何计算出来的呢
output = net(input)
target = torch.randn(10) # a dummy target, for example
target = target.view(1, -1) # make it the same shape as output
criterion = nn.MSELoss()
loss = criterion(output, target)
print(loss)
print(loss.grad_fn)  # MSELoss
print(loss.grad_fn.next_functions[0][0])  # Linear
print(loss.grad_fn.next_functions[0][0].next_functions[0][0])  # ReLU

  

如果使用loss.grad_fn,就可以看到一个计算图

input -> conv2d -> relu -> maxpool2d -> conv2d -> relu -> maxpool2d
      -> view -> linear -> relu -> linear -> relu -> linear
      -> MSELoss
      -> loss

调用loss.backward(),整个图将被微分,且图中具有requires_grad=True的所有张量的.grad属性将会累积其张量。

反向传播

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__();
        # 1 input image channel, 6 output channels, 3x3 square convolution kernel
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 3)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 3)
        # an affine operation: y = Wx + b
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 6 * 6, 120) # 6*6 from image dimension
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)
    def forward(self, x): # 只需要定义forward函数就可以使用autograd自动定义backward函数(计算梯度)
        # Max pooling over a (2, 2) window
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv1(x)),(2,2)) # 32*32->30*30->15*15  ; conv: O=(I-K+2P)/S+1;
        # If the size is a square you can only specify a single number
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv2(x)),2)#15*15->13*13->6*6
        x = x.view(-1, self.num_flat_features(x))#6*6
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x
    def num_flat_features(self,x):
        size = x.size()[1:] # all dimensions except the batch dimension
        num_features = 1
        for s in size:
            num_features *= s
        return num_features
net = Net()
input = torch.randn(1, 1, 32, 32) # 输入大小为32,如何计算出来的呢
output = net(input)
target = torch.randn(10) # a dummy target, for example
target = target.view(1, -1) # make it the same shape as output
criterion = nn.MSELoss()
loss = criterion(output, target)
net.zero_grad()     # zeroes the gradient buffers of all parameters 要清除现有的梯度,否则梯度将累积到现有的梯度中
print('conv1.bias.grad before backward')
print(net.conv1.bias.grad)
loss.backward()#反向传播
print('conv1.bias.grad after backward')
print(net.conv1.bias.grad)

更新权重

最简单的更新规则是随机梯度下降(SGD):

weight = weight - learning_rate * gradient

learning_rate = 0.01
for f in net.parameters():
    f.data.sub_(f.grad.data * learning_rate)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.optim as optim

class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__();
        # 1 input image channel, 6 output channels, 3x3 square convolution kernel
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 3)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 3)
        # an affine operation: y = Wx + b
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 6 * 6, 120) # 6*6 from image dimension
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)
    def forward(self, x): # 只需要定义forward函数就可以使用autograd自动定义backward函数(计算梯度)
        # Max pooling over a (2, 2) window
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv1(x)),(2,2)) # 32*32->30*30->15*15  ; conv: O=(I-K+2P)/S+1;
        # If the size is a square you can only specify a single number
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv2(x)),2)#15*15->13*13->6*6
        x = x.view(-1, self.num_flat_features(x))#6*6
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x
    def num_flat_features(self,x):
        size = x.size()[1:] # all dimensions except the batch dimension
        num_features = 1
        for s in size:
            num_features *= s
        return num_features
net = Net()
input = torch.randn(1, 1, 32, 32) # 输入大小为32,如何计算出来的呢
output = net(input)
target = torch.randn(10) # a dummy target, for example
target = target.view(1, -1) # make it the same shape as output

# create your optimizer
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.01)
# in your training loop:
optimizer.zero_grad()   # zero the gradient buffers将梯度缓冲区手动设置为零

criterion = nn.MSELoss()
loss = criterion(output, target)
loss.backward()#反向传播
optimizer.step()    # Does the update

训练分类器

数据

将数据加载到numpy然后转成torch.Tensor

  • 图像,Pillow,OpenCV等
  • 音频,SciPy和librosa
  • 文本,基于python和Cython原始加载,NLTK和SpaCy

torchvision是针对视觉的包,包含常见数据集(Imagenet,CIFAR10,MNIST),以及用于数据加载工具(torchvision.datasets和torch.utils.data.DataLoader)。

CIFAR10 数据集。 它具有以下类别:“飞机”,“汽车”,“鸟”,“猫”,“鹿”,“狗”,“青蛙”,“马”,“船”,“卡车”。 CIFAR-10 中的图像尺寸为3x32x32。

cifar10

 

训练图像分类器

  1.  使用torchvision加载并标准化CIFAR10数据集
  2. 定义网络模型
  3. 定义损失函数
  4. 训练
  5. 测试
import torch
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as transforms

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

import torch.optim as optim
def imshow(img):
    img = img / 2 +0.5 # unnormalize
    npimg = img.numpy()
    plt.imshow(np.transpose(npimg, (1, 2, 0)))
    plt.show()
# 加载并归一化图像
transform = transforms.Compose(
    [transforms.ToTensor(),
     transforms.Normalize((0.5, 0.5, 0.5), (0.5, 0.5, 0.5))])

trainset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=True, download=True, transform=transform)
trainloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=4, shuffle=True, num_workers=0)

testset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=False, download=True, transform=transform)
testloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(testset, batch_size=4, shuffle=False, num_workers=0)

classes = ('plane', 'car', 'bird', 'cat', 'deer', 'dog', 'frog', 'horse', 'ship', 'truck')

# get some random training images
dataiter = iter(trainloader)
images, labels = dataiter.next()

#show images
imshow(torchvision.utils.make_grid(images))
# print labels
print(' '.join('%5s' % classes[labels[j]] for j in range(4)))
# 定义网络模型
class Net(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 6, 5) # 三通道输入
        self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5)
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv1(x)))
        x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv2(x)))
        x = x.view(-1, 16 * 5 * 5)
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x

net = Net()
# GPU训练
print(torch.cuda.is_available())
device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
# Assuming that we are on a CUDA machine, this should print a CUDA device:
print(device)
net.to(device)

# 定义损失函数
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
# 定义优化器
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)
# 训练
for epoch in range(2): # loop over the dataset multiple times
    running_loss = 0.0
    for i, data in enumerate(trainloader, 0):
        # get the inputs; data is a list of [inputs, labels]
        # inputs, labels = data
        inputs, labels = data[0].to(device), data[1].to(device)

        # zero the parameter gradients
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        # forward
        outputs = net(inputs)
        loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
        # backward
        loss.backward()
        # optimize
        optimizer.step()

        # print statistics
        running_loss += loss.item()
        if i % 2000 == 1999: # print every 2000 mini-batches
            print('[%d, %5d] loss: %.3f'% (epoch + 1, i+1, running_loss / 2000))
            running_loss = 0.0
print('Finished Training')
# 保存模型
PATH = './cifar_net.pth'
torch.save(net.state_dict(), PATH)
# 测试
dataiter = iter(testloader)
images, labels = dataiter.next()

# print images
imshow(torchvision.utils.make_grid(images))
print('GroundTruth:  ',' '.join('%5s' % classes[labels[j]] for j in range(4)))

# 加载模型
net = Net()
net.to(device)
net.load_state_dict(torch.load(PATH))
# 预测
images = images.to(device)
outputs = net(images)
# 获取类别最大的概率
_, predicted = torch.max(outputs, 1)
print('Predicted: ', ' '.join('%5s' % classes[predicted[j]] for j in range(4)))
# 评价
correct = 0
total = 0
with torch.no_grad():
    for data in testloader:
        # images, labels = data
        images, labels = data[0].to(device), data[1].to(device)
        outputs = net(images)
        _, predicted = torch.max(outputs.data, 1)
        total += labels.size(0)
        correct += (predicted == labels).sum().item()
print('Accuracy of the network on the 10000 test images: %d %%' % (100 * correct /total))
class_correct = list(0. for i in range(10))
class_total = list(0. for i in range(10))
with torch.no_grad():
    for data in testloader:
        # images, labels = data
        images, labels = data[0].to(device), data[1].to(device)
        outputs = net(images)
        _, predicted = torch.max(outputs, 1)
        c = (predicted == labels).squeeze()
        for i in range(4):
            label = labels[i]
            class_correct[label] += c[i].item()
            class_total[label] += 1

for i in range(10):
    print('Accuracy of %5s: %2d %%'% (classes[i], 100 * class_correct[i] / class_total[i]))

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