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有了中间代码，后面生成汇编就好办了。需要支持什么cpu，就将中间代码生成对应的汇编代码就好了。这部分的工作不复杂，但是比较琐碎。
1、函数入口
void EmitTranslationUnit(AstTranslationUnit transUnit)
2、涉及到的文件
emit.c，主要是告诉我们怎么生成一个gcc认识的汇编文件
https://github.com/sheisc/ucc162.3/blob/a92719fff0ab7eb5b0c45768acedabb3cd70ca05/ucc/ucl/emit.c
x86.c，真正用来生成汇编指令
https://github.com/sheisc/ucc162.3/blob/a92719fff0ab7eb5b0c45768acedabb3cd70ca05/ucc/ucl/x86.c
3、emit.c分析
3.1 EmitTranslationUnit会调用各个接口，创建一个合适的s文件
/**
* Emit assembly code for the translation unit
*/
void EmitTranslationUnit(AstTranslationUnit transUnit)
{
if(ASMFileName){
ASMFile = fopen(ASMFileName, "w");
ASMFileName = NULL;
}else{
ASMFile = CreateOutput(Input.filename, ExtName);
}
SwitchTableNum = 1;
// "# Code auto-generated by UCC\n\n"
BeginProgram();
// ".data\n\n"
Segment(DATA);
/**
.str0: .string "%d \012"
.str1: .string "a + b + c + d = %d.\012"
*/
EmitStrings();
EmitFloatConstants();
EmitGlobals();
// ".text\n\n"
Segment(CODE);
ImportFunctions();
/**
The key function is
void EmitFunction(FunctionSymbol fsym)
in x86.c
*/
EmitFunctions(transUnit);
EndProgram();
fclose(ASMFile);
}这个函数里面，Segement、Strings、FloatConstants、Globals、ImportFuncions这些都是为了创建汇编文件的格式基础，为后续的EmitFunctions做铺垫。在这些函数中调用的子函数，部分内容需要具体的cpu来实现，比如Segment这种函数。
3.2 emit.c和x86.c最重要的连接EmitFunction
/**
* Emit all the functions
*/
static void EmitFunctions(AstTranslationUnit transUnit)
{
AstNode p;
FunctionSymbol fsym;
p = transUnit->extDecls;
while (p != NULL)
{
if (p->kind == NK_Function)
{
fsym = ((AstFunction)p)->fsym;
if (fsym->sclass != TK_STATIC || fsym->ref > 0)
{
EmitFunction(fsym);
}
}
p = p->next;
}
}
4、x86.c分析
4.1 EmitFunction->EmitBBlock->EmitIRInst，这是最重要的翻译流程
static void EmitIRInst(IRInst inst)
{
struct irinst instc = *inst;
(* Emitter[inst->opcode])(&instc);
return;
}
4.2 opcode.h一对一翻译
/**
OPCODE(IJMP, "ijmp", IndirectJump)
OPCODE(INC, "++", Inc)
OPCODE(DEC, "--", Dec)
OPCODE(ADDR, "&", Address)
OPCODE(DEREF, "*", Deref)
OPCODE(EXTI1, "(int)(char)", Cast)
OPCODE(EXTU1, "(int)(unsigned char)", Cast)
*/
static void (* Emitter[])(IRInst inst) =
{
#define OPCODE(code, name, func) Emit##func,
#include "opcode.h"
#undef OPCODE
};
4.3 最简单的翻译，Jump跳转
/**
(1) the target of Jump is a BBlock, not Variable.
So no DST->ref -- here.
(2) X87 top is saved in EmitBlock(),
because Jump must be the last IL in a basic
block.
*/
static void EmitJump(IRInst inst)
{
BBlock p = (BBlock)DST;
DST = p->sym;
assert(DST->kind == SK_Label);
ClearRegs();
PutASMCode(X86_JMP, inst->opds);
}
4.4 另外一个最简单的翻译，获取地址
static void EmitAddress(IRInst inst)
{
assert(DST->kind == SK_Temp && SRC1->kind != SK_Temp);
AllocateReg(inst, 0);
PutASMCode(X86_ADDR, inst->opds);
ModifyVar(DST);
}
4.5 中间语言和汇编语言之间的映射
enum ASMCode
{
#define TEMPLATE(code, str) code,
#include "x86win32.tpl"
#undef TEMPLATE
};
static const char * asmCodeName[] = {
#define TEMPLATE(code, str) #code,
#include "x86win32.tpl"
#undef TEMPLATE
};
4.6 tpl内容，比如x86linux.tpl
#ifndef TEMPLATE
#error "You must define TEMPLATE macro before include this file"
#endif
TEMPLATE(X86_BORI4, "orl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_BORU4, "orl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_BORF4, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_BORF8, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_BXORI4, "xorl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_BXORU4, "xorl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_BXORF4, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_BXORF8, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_BANDI4, "andl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_BANDU4, "andl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_BANDF4, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_BANDF8, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_LSHI4, "shll %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_LSHU4, "shll %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_LSHF4, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_LSHF8, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_RSHI4, "sarl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_RSHU4, "shrl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_RSHF4, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_RSHF8, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_ADDI4, "addl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_ADDU4, "addl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_ADDF4, "fadds %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_ADDF8, "faddl %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_SUBI4, "subl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_SUBU4, "subl %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_SUBF4, "fsubs %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_SUBF8, "fsubl %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_MULI4, "imull %2, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_MULU4, "mull %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_MULF4, "fmuls %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_MULF8, "fmull %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_DIVI4, "cdq;idivl %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_DIVU4, "movl $0, %%edx;divl %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_DIVF4, "fdivs %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_DIVF8, "fdivl %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_MODI4, "cdq;idivl %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_MODU4, "movl $0, %%edx; divl %2")
TEMPLATE(X86_MODF4, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_MODF8, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_NEGI4, "negl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_NEGU4, "negl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_NEGF4, "fchs")
TEMPLATE(X86_NEGF8, "fchs")
TEMPLATE(X86_COMPI4, "notl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_COMPU4, "notl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_COMPF4, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_COMPF8, NULL)
TEMPLATE(X86_JZI4, "cmpl $0, %1;je %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JZU4, "cmpl $0, %1;je %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JZF4, "fldz;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x44, %%ah;jnp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JZF8, "fldz;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x44, %%ah;jnp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JNZI4, "cmpl $0, %1;jne %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JNZU4, "cmpl $0, %1;jne %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JNZF4, "fldz;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x44, %%ah;jp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JNZF8, "fldz;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x44, %%ah;jp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JEI4, "cmpl %2, %1;je %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JEU4, "cmpl %2, %1;je %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JEF4, "flds %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x44, %%ah;jnp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JEF8, "fldl %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x44, %%ah;jnp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JNEI4, "cmpl %2, %1;jne %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JNEU4, "cmpl %2, %1;jne %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JNEF4, "flds %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x44, %%ah;jp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JNEF8, "fldl %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x44, %%ah;jp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JGI4, "cmpl %2, %1;jg %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JGU4, "cmpl %2, %1;ja %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JGF4, "flds %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x1, %%ah;jne %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JGF8, "fldl %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x1, %%ah;jne %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JLI4, "cmpl %2, %1;jl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JLU4, "cmpl %2, %1;jb %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JLF4, "flds %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x41, %%ah;jp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JLF8, "fldl %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x41, %%ah;jp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JGEI4, "cmpl %2, %1;jge %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JGEU4, "cmpl %2, %1;jae %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JGEF4, "flds %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x41, %%ah;jne %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JGEF8, "fldl %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x41, %%ah;jne %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JLEI4, "cmpl %2, %1;jle %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JLEU4, "cmpl %2, %1;jbe %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JLEF4, "flds %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x5, %%ah;jp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_JLEF8, "fldl %2;fucompp;fnstsw %%ax;test $0x5, %%ah;jp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_EXTI1, "movsbl %1, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_EXTU1, "movzbl %1, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_EXTI2, "movswl %1, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_EXTU2, "movzwl %1, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_TRUI1, "movb %%al, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_TRUI2, "movb %%al, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_CVTI4F4, "pushl %1;fildl (%%esp);fstps %0;addl $4, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_CVTI4F8, "pushl %1;fildl (%%esp);fstpl %0;addl $4, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_CVTU4F4, "pushl $0;pushl %1;fildq (%%esp);fstps %0;addl $8, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_CVTU4F8, "pushl $0;pushl %1;fildq (%%esp);fstpl %0;addl $8, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_CVTF4, "flds %1;fstpl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_CVTF4I4, "flds %1;subl $16, %%esp;fnstcw (%%esp);movzwl (%%esp), %%eax;"
"orl $0x0c00, %%eax;movl %%eax, 4(%%esp);fldcw 4(%%esp);fistpl 8(%%esp);"
"fldcw (%%esp);movl 8(%%esp), %%eax;addl $16, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_CVTF4U4, "flds %1;subl $16, %%esp;fnstcw (%%esp);movzwl (%%esp), %%eax;"
"orl $0x0c00, %%eax;movl %%eax, 4(%%esp);fldcw 4(%%esp);fistpll 8(%%esp);"
"fldcw (%%esp);movl 8(%%esp), %%eax;addl $16, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_CVTF8, "fldl %1;fstps %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_CVTF8I4, "fldl %1;subl $16, %%esp;fnstcw (%%esp);movzwl (%%esp), %%eax;"
"orl $0x0c00, %%eax;movl %%eax, 4(%%esp);fldcw 4(%%esp);fistpl 8(%%esp);"
"fldcw (%%esp);movl 8(%%esp), %%eax; addl $16, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_CVTF8U4, "fldl %1;subl $16, %%esp;fnstcw (%%esp);movzwl (%%esp), %%eax;"
"orl $0x0c00, %%eax;movl %%eax, 4(%%esp);fldcw 4(%%esp);fistpll 8(%%esp);"
"fldcw (%%esp);movl 8(%%esp), %%eax;addl $16, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_INCI1, "incb %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_INCU1, "incb %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_INCI2, "incw %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_INCU2, "incw %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_INCI4, "incl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_INCU4, "incl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_INCF4, "fld1;fadds %0;fstps %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_INCF8, "fld1;faddl %0;fstpl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_DECI1, "decb %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_DECU1, "decb %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_DECI2, "decw %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_DECU2, "decw %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_DECI4, "decl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_DECU4, "decl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_DECF4, "fld1;fsubs %0;fchs;fstps %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_DECF8, "fld1;fsubl %0;fchs;fstpl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_ADDR, "leal %1, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_MOVI1, "movb %1, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_MOVI2, "movw %1, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_MOVI4, "movl %1, %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_MOVB, "leal %0, %%edi;leal %1, %%esi;movl %2, %%ecx;rep movsb")
TEMPLATE(X86_JMP, "jmp %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_IJMP, "jmp *%0(,%1,4)")
TEMPLATE(X86_PROLOGUE, "pushl %%ebp;pushl %%ebx;pushl %%esi;pushl %%edi;movl %%esp, %%ebp")
TEMPLATE(X86_PUSH, "pushl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_PUSHF4, "pushl %%ecx;flds %0;fstps (%%esp)")
TEMPLATE(X86_PUSHF8, "subl $8, %%esp;fldl %0;fstpl (%%esp)")
TEMPLATE(X86_PUSHB, "leal %0, %%esi;subl %2, %%esp;movl %%esp, %%edi;movl %1, %%ecx;rep movsb")
TEMPLATE(X86_EXPANDF, "subl %0, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_CALL, "call %1")
TEMPLATE(X86_ICALL, "call *%1")
TEMPLATE(X86_REDUCEF, "addl %0, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_EPILOGUE, "movl %%ebp, %%esp;popl %%edi;popl %%esi;popl %%ebx;popl %%ebp;ret")
TEMPLATE(X86_CLEAR, "pushl %1;pushl $0;leal %0, %%eax;pushl %%eax;call memset;addl $12, %%esp")
TEMPLATE(X86_LDF4, "flds %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_LDF8, "fldl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_STF4, "fstps %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_STF8, "fstpl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_STF4_NO_POP, "fsts %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_STF8_NO_POP, "fstl %0")
TEMPLATE(X86_X87_POP, "fstp %%st(0)")
4.7 汇编语言的打印
目前主要是PutASMCode实现，
这个函数在x86linux.c & x86win32.c都进行了实现
这就看自己需要实现哪一种os下的汇编代码了
4.8 函数翻译过程中涉及到其他问题
Export，函数输出
LayoutFrame & EmitPrologue，堆栈处理
EmitEpilogue，堆栈复原
4.9 寄存器的处理
reg.c
https://github.com/sheisc/ucc162.3/blob/a92719fff0ab7eb5b0c45768acedabb3cd70ca05/ucc/ucl/reg.c
4.10 总结
相对而言，后端移植涉及到很多文件，比如emit.c、x86.c、reg.c、x86win32.c、x86linux.c，还涉及到opinfo.h、x86linux.tpl、x86win32.tpl，作为阅读代码同学，要了解每一个文件的作用，至少需要知道里面的处理流程。评价自己是否真正理解了这个理解，就看自己是不是可以把ucc移植到另外一个cpu架构上了，这是最好的判别方法。
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