机器学习与计算机视觉（绘图）

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    经常读工科论文的同学都知道，用图表达实验结果是很重要的一项工作。如果把论文看成是八股文的话，那么基本的步骤就是前人工作论述、新算法的提出、新算法的数学原理、新算法的详细流程、新算法的实验结果。所以说，怎么用图来表示实验结果是非常重要的。之前，大部分同学都习惯用matlab来画图。matlab是很方便，但是它的缺点就是安装麻烦，且收费较高。但是现在的话，我们除了matlab之外还有其他的方法可以绘图，python + matplotlib就是不错的一个方法。 matplotlib是python下面很方便的一个工具库，既可以画2d图，也可以画3d图，很方便。下面逐个举例，

 

1、动态直方图

 

"""
==================
Animated histogram
==================

This example shows how to use a path patch to draw a bunch of
rectangles for an animated histogram.

"""
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as patches
import matplotlib.path as path
import matplotlib.animation as animation

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

# histogram our data with numpy
data = np.random.randn(1000)
n, bins = np.histogram(data, 100)

# get the corners of the rectangles for the histogram
left = np.array(bins[:-1])
right = np.array(bins[1:])
bottom = np.zeros(len(left))
top = bottom + n
nrects = len(left)

# here comes the tricky part -- we have to set up the vertex and path
# codes arrays using moveto, lineto and closepoly

# for each rect: 1 for the MOVETO, 3 for the LINETO, 1 for the
# CLOSEPOLY; the vert for the closepoly is ignored but we still need
# it to keep the codes aligned with the vertices
nverts = nrects*(1 + 3 + 1)
verts = np.zeros((nverts, 2))
codes = np.ones(nverts, int) * path.Path.LINETO
codes[0::5] = path.Path.MOVETO
codes[4::5] = path.Path.CLOSEPOLY
verts[0::5, 0] = left
verts[0::5, 1] = bottom
verts[1::5, 0] = left
verts[1::5, 1] = top
verts[2::5, 0] = right
verts[2::5, 1] = top
verts[3::5, 0] = right
verts[3::5, 1] = bottom

barpath = path.Path(verts, codes)
patch = patches.PathPatch(
    barpath, facecolor='green', edgecolor='yellow', alpha=0.5)
ax.add_patch(patch)

ax.set_xlim(left[0], right[-1])
ax.set_ylim(bottom.min(), top.max())


def animate(i):
    # simulate new data coming in
    data = np.random.randn(1000)
    n, bins = np.histogram(data, 100)
    top = bottom + n
    verts[1::5, 1] = top
    verts[2::5, 1] = top
    return [patch, ]

ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, animate, 100, repeat=False, blit=True)
plt.show()

 

 

 

 

 

2、块状图

 

"""
========
Barchart
========

A bar plot with errorbars and height labels on individual bars
"""
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

N = 5
men_means = (20, 35, 30, 35, 27)
men_std = (2, 3, 4, 1, 2)

ind = np.arange(N)  # the x locations for the groups
width = 0.35       # the width of the bars

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
rects1 = ax.bar(ind, men_means, width, color='r', yerr=men_std)

women_means = (25, 32, 34, 20, 25)
women_std = (3, 5, 2, 3, 3)
rects2 = ax.bar(ind + width, women_means, width, color='y', yerr=women_std)

# add some text for labels, title and axes ticks
ax.set_ylabel('Scores')
ax.set_title('Scores by group and gender')
ax.set_xticks(ind + width / 2)
ax.set_xticklabels(('G1', 'G2', 'G3', 'G4', 'G5'))

ax.legend((rects1[0], rects2[0]), ('Men', 'Women'))


def autolabel(rects):
    """
    Attach a text label above each bar displaying its height
    """
    for rect in rects:
        height = rect.get_height()
        ax.text(rect.get_x() + rect.get_width()/2., 1.05*height,
                '%d' % int(height),
                ha='center', va='bottom')

autolabel(rects1)
autolabel(rects2)

plt.show()

 

 

 

3、事件响应

 

"""
Show how to connect to keypress events
"""
from __future__ import print_function
import sys
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


def press(event):
    print('press', event.key)
    sys.stdout.flush()
    if event.key == 'x':
        visible = xl.get_visible()
        xl.set_visible(not visible)
        fig.canvas.draw()

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

fig.canvas.mpl_connect('key_press_event', press)

ax.plot(np.random.rand(12), np.random.rand(12), 'go')
xl = ax.set_xlabel('easy come, easy go')
ax.set_title('Press a key')
plt.show()

    上面这些实例代码都是从官网下载下来的，如果要查看效果的话，大家可以自己实际运行试试看。官网地址在这。虽然也有很多同学对matplotlib做了介绍，但是还是建议大家多去官网看看，毕竟官网给出的范例代码要比大家相像的多得多，总有几个是适合自己的。