【数学】一元函数微分（宇哥笔记）

一元函数微分学

导数\微分定义及其考法

定义

导数定义

$$\begin{array}{rl}& 假设一个普通教室在t=9:00时为u=20^{\circ }C,\check{t}=9:05时教室的温度\check{u}=25^{\circ }C\\ & 问教室里的温度在这5min中的平均变化率是多少？\\ & 很明显\frac{\Delta u}{\Delta t}=1^{\circ }C/min，但是把时间变成今天与一年前的今天，温度相同都是20^{\circ }C\\ & 用刚才的方法来算其平均变化率就成了0，很显然这个结果不能描述实际情况\\ & 如果我们令\Delta t\to 0,我们就能求某时刻的瞬时变化率，如下：\\ & f^{\prime }(x)=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)}{\Delta x}瞬时变化率\\ & [注1]换元，令x_0+\Delta x=x,则f^{\prime }(x_0)=\underset{\Delta x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{x-x_0}\\ & [注2]左右导数，f_{+}^{\prime }(x)=\underset{\Delta x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)}{\Delta x}右导数，f_{-}^{\prime }(x)=\underset{\Delta x\to 0_{-}}{\lim }\frac{f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)}{\Delta x}左导数\\ & [注3]导数存在的条件，f^{\prime }(x_0)\exists ⟺f_{+}^{\prime }(x_0)=f_{-}^{\prime }(x_0)\end{array}$$

微分定义

$$\begin{array}{rl}& 幂的微分\{\begin{array}{l}d(x^2)=2xdx\\ d(x^n)=n{x}^{n-1}dx\end{array}\\ & 微分的幂\{\begin{array}{l}d{x}^2=(dx{)}^2\\ d{x}^n=(dx{)}^n\end{array}\\ & dy=y^{\prime }dx\end{array}$$

[外链图片转存失败(img-bCNaeZ06-1562482602646)(D:\文字\公众号\考研\数学\张宇高数十八讲\4.一元函数微分\图.png)]
$$\begin{array}{rl}& 如上图所示，f(x)=x^{2}f(x+\Delta x)=(x+\Delta x{)}^2=x^2+2x\Delta x+(\Delta x{)}^2\\ & 令\Delta y=f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)=2x\Delta x+(\Delta x{)}^2\\ & \Delta y=y^{\prime }(x)\cdot \Delta x+\circ (\Delta x),则y^{\prime }(x)\cdot \Delta x=dy称为线性全部\\ & \therefore \Delta x=1\cdot \Delta x+0⟹dx=\Delta x\\ & ⟹dy=y^{\prime }(x)dx⟹\frac{dy}{dx}=y^{\prime }(x)\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}[例1]& 设y=e^{x^2},求\frac{dy}{dx},\frac{dy}{d(x^2)},\frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}\\ & \frac{dy}{dx}=y^{\prime }=e^{x^2}\cdot 2x\\ & \frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}=y^{{}^{\prime \prime }}=e^{x^2}\cdot 4x^2+e^{x^2}\cdot 2\\ & \frac{dy}{d(x^2)}=\frac{e^{x^2}\cdot 2xdx}{2xdx}=e^{x^2}\frac{dy}{2xdx}=\frac{1}{2x}\cdot e^{x^2}\cdot 2x=e^{x^2}\\ [例2]& y=f(x),f^{\prime }(x_0)=\frac{1}{2},\Delta x\to 0时,y=f(x)在x=x_0处得微分dy与\Delta x是(同阶非等价)\\ & dy=y^{\prime }(x_0)dx=\frac{1}{2}dx=\frac{1}{2}\Delta x\\ & \underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{dx}{\Delta x}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{2}\Delta x}{\Delta x}=\frac{1}{2}\\ [例3]& 设f(x)=(\cos x-4)\sin x+3x,求\frac{df(x)}{d(x^2)}\\ & df(a)=f^{\prime }(x)dx=(-{\sin }^{2}x+(\cos x-4)\cdot \cos x+3)dx\\ & d(x^2)=2xdx\\ \therefore & \frac{df(x)}{d(x^2)}=\frac{-{\sin }^{2}x+(\cos x-4)\cos x+3}{2x}=\frac{(\cos x-1{)}^2}{x}\\ [例4]& 设f^{\prime }(0)=1,f^{\prime \prime }(0)=0,求证：在x=0处，有\frac{d^2}{d{x}^2}f(x^2)=\frac{d^2}{d{x}^2}{f}^2(x)\\ & y_1^{\prime }=f^{\prime }(x^2)\cdot 2x,y_1^{{}^{\prime \prime }}{|}_0=f^{\prime \prime }(x^2)\cdot 2x\cdot 2x+f^{\prime }(x^2)\cdot 2{|}_{x=0}=2\\ & y_2^{\prime }=2f(x)\cdot f^{\prime }(x),y_2^{{}^{\prime \prime }}{|}_0=2f^{\prime }(x)f^{\prime }(x)+2f(x)f^{\prime \prime }(x){|}_{x=0}=2\end{array}$$

考法

抽象函数在一点（泛指x与特指x）

$$\begin{array}{rl}[例1]& 证明：若f(x)可导且为偶函数，请推f^{\prime }(x)为奇函数\\ & [分析]已知f(x)=f(-x)\\ & \therefore f^{\prime }(-x)=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(-x+\Delta x)-f(-x)}{\Delta x}=-\underset{-\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x+(-\Delta x))-f(x)}{-\Delta x}=-f^{\prime }(x)\\ [例2]& 证明f(x)可导，周期为T，请推f^{\prime }(x)的周期也是T\\ & [分析]已知f(x+T)=f(x)\\ & \therefore f^{\prime }(x+T)=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x+T+\Delta x)-f(x+T)}{\Delta x}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}=f^{\prime }(x)\\ [例3]& f(x)二阶可导，T=2，奇函数，且f(\frac{1}{2})>0,f^{\prime }(x)>0,比较f(-\frac{1}{2}),f^{\prime }(\frac{3}{2}),f^{\prime \prime }(0)的大小\\ & \because 该函数为奇函数\therefore f(-x)=-f(x)\to f(-\frac{1}{2})=-f(\frac{1}{2})<0\\ & \because f(x):T=2\therefore f^{\prime }(x):T=2且f^{\prime }(x)为偶函数\\ & \therefore f^{\prime }(\frac{3}{2})=f^{\prime }(\frac{3}{2}-2)=f^{\prime }(-\frac{1}{2})=f^{\prime }(\frac{1}{2})>0\\ & \therefore f^{\prime \prime }(x)为奇函数即:f^{\prime \prime }(0)=0\\ & 得f(-\frac{1}{2})<f^{\prime \prime }(0)<f^{\prime }(\frac{3}{2})\\ [例4]& y=f(x)与y={\int }_0^{\arctan x}{e}^{-t^2}dt在(0,0)处切线相同，写出切线方程，求\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }nf(\frac{2}{n})\\ & [分析]f^{\prime }(x_0)=k,切线方程为y-y_0=f^{\prime }(x_0)(x-x_0)\\ & ({\int }_0^{\arctan x}{e}^{-t^2}dt{)}_x^{\prime }=e^{-(\arctan x{)}^2}\cdot \frac{1}{1+x^2},令x=0,则f^{\prime }(0)=1,故切线方程为y=x\\ & \therefore \underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }nf(\frac{2}{n})=2\underset{\frac{2}{n}\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{f(0+\frac{2}{n})-f(0)}{\frac{2}{n}}=2\cdot f^{\prime }(0)=2\\ [例5]& 设f^{\prime }(1)=1,则\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{f(x)-f(1)}{x^{10}-1}=\underline{}\\ & a^n-b^n=(a-b)(a^{n-1}+a^{n-2}b+\cdots +a{b}^{n-2}+b^{n-1})\\ & I=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{f(x)-f(1)}{(x-1)(x^9+x^8+\cdots +x+1)}=f^{\prime }(1)\cdot \frac{1}{10}=\frac{1}{10}\\ [注]& f^{\prime }(x)=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{x-x_0}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)}{\Delta x}\\ [例6]& 设f(x)在(-\infty ,+\infty )内有定义(存在)且\forall x,x_1,x_2\in (-\infty ,+\infty ),\\ & 有f(x_1+x_2)=f(x_1)\cdot f(x_2),f(x)=1+xg(x),\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }g(x)=1,证明f(x)在(-\infty ,+\infty )内处处可导\\ & f^{\prime }(x)=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}=\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)\cdot f(\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}\\ & =f(x)\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(\Delta x)-1}{\Delta x}=f(x)\underset{\Delta x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{1+\Delta xg(\Delta x)-1}{\Delta x}=f(x)\\ & ⟹f^{\prime }(x)处处存在⟺f(x)处处可导\end{array}$$

分段函数在分段点（常见绝对值函数）

$$\begin{array}{rl}[例1]& 设f(x)在x=a处连续，F(x)=f(x)\cdot |x-a|,证明F(x)在x=a处可导的充要条件为f(a)=0(背过)\\ & [分析]F(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}-(x-a)f(x),x<a\\ 0,x=a\\ (x-a)f(x),x>a\end{array}\\ & F_{-}^{\prime }(x)=\underset{x\to a^{-}}{\lim }\frac{F(x)-F(a)}{x-a}=\underset{x\to a^{-}}{\lim }\frac{-(x-a)f(x)-0}{x-a}=-\underset{x\to a^{-}}{\lim }f(x)=-f(a)\\ & F_{+}^{\prime }(x)=\underset{x\to a^{+}}{\lim }\frac{F(x)-F(a)}{x-a}=\underset{x\to a^{+}}{\lim }\frac{(x-a)f(x)-0}{x-a}=\underset{x\to a^{+}}{\lim }f(x)=f(a)\\ & F^{\prime }(a)\exists ⟺F_{-}^{\prime }(a)=F_{+}^{\prime }(a)⟺f(a)=0\\ [例2]& 设f(x)=\mid x\mid e^{-\mid x-1\mid },求f^{\prime }(0),f^{\prime }(1)\\ & f(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}-x{e}^{x-1},x<0\\ x{e}^{x-1},0\le x<1\\ x{e}^{1-x},x\ge 1\end{array}\\ & f_{+}^{\prime }(0)=(e^{x-1}+x{e}^{x-1}){|}_{x=0}=e^{-1},再求f_{-}^{\prime }(0)=-e^{-1},即f^{\prime }(0)不存在\\ & f^{\prime }(1)=(e^{1-x}-x{e}^{1-x}){|}_{x=1}=1-1=0\\ & 同理，得f_{-}^{\prime }(1)=2,f_{+}^{\prime }(1)=0⟹f^{\prime }(1)不存在\end{array}$$

四则运算（不太复杂的点与不成立的点）

$$\begin{array}{rl}& [例1]f(x)=2\sqrt{1+x}+\arcsin \frac{1-x}{1+x^2},f^{\prime }(1)=?\\ & 设f_1=2\sqrt{1+x},f_2=\arcsin \frac{1-x}{1+x^2}\\ & f_1^{\prime }(1)=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},f_2(1)=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{f_2(x)-f_2(1)}{x-1}=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{\arcsin \frac{1-x}{1+x^2}-0}{x-1}=-\frac{1}{2}\\ & 故f^{\prime }(1)=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\\ & {[例2]f(x)=\prod }_{n=1}^{100}(\tan \frac{\pi x^n}{4}-n)，则f^{\prime }(1)=?\\ & f(x)=(\tan \frac{\pi x}{4}-1)(\tan \frac{\pi x^2}{4}-2)\dots (\tan \frac{\pi x^{100}}{4}-100)\\ & 令g(x)=(\tan \frac{\pi x^2}{4}-2)\dots (\tan \frac{\pi x^{100}}{4}-100)⟹f(x)=(\tan \frac{\pi x}{4}-1)\cdot g(x)\\ & f^{\prime }(1)=\frac{\pi }{4}{\sec }^2\frac{\pi }{4}\cdot g(1)+(\tan \frac{\pi }{4}-1)g^{\prime }(1)=-\frac{\pi }{2}\cdot 99!\\ & [例3]f(x)=e^{10x}\cdot x(x+1)(x+2)\dots (x+10),求f^{\prime }(0)\\ & 令g(x)=e^{10x}\cdot (x+1)(x+2)\dots (x+10),则f(x)=x\cdot g(x)\\ & f^{\prime }(x)=g(x)+x\cdot g^{\prime }(x)=10!\\ & [例4]f(x)=\sqrt[3]{x^2}\sin x,求f^{\prime }(x)\\ & 1.x̸=0时，f^{\prime }(x)=(x^{\frac{2}{3}}\cdot \sin x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{2}{3}{x}^{-\frac{1}{3}}\sin x+x^{\frac{2}{3}}\cdot \cos x\\ & 2.x=0时,f^{\prime }(0)=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{x^{\frac{2}{3}}\sin x}{x}=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }{x}^{\frac{2}{3}}=0\\ & 故f^{\prime }(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{2}{3}\frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{x}}\sin x+x^{\frac{2}{3}}\cdot \cos x,x̸=0\\ 0,x=0\end{array}\\ & [注](u,v{)}^{\prime }=u^{\prime }v+u{v}^{\prime }需两者处处可导，而x^{\frac{2}{3}}并非处处可导\end{array}$$

导数计算与应用

导数计算

基本求导公式表

$$\begin{array}{rl}& (x^k{)}^{\prime }=k{x}^{k-1}(\ln x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{x}(\ln \mid x\mid {)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{x}\\ & (e^x{)}^{\prime }=e^x(a^x{)}^{\prime }=a^x\ln a,a>0且̸=1\\ & (\sin x{)}^{\prime }=\cos x(\cos x{)}^{\prime }=-\sin x(\tan x{)}^{\prime }={\sec }^{2}x=\frac{1}{{\cos }^{2}x}\\ & (\cot x{)}^{\prime }=-{\csc }^{2}x(\sec x{)}^{\prime }=\sec x\cdot \tan x(\csc x{)}^{\prime }=-\csc x\cdot \cot x\\ & (\ln \mid \cos x\mid {)}^{\prime }=-\tan x(\ln \mid \sin x\mid {)}^{\prime }=\cot x\\ & (\ln \mid \sec x+\tan x\mid {)}^{\prime }=\sec x(\ln \mid \csc x-\cot x\mid {)}^{\prime }=\csc x\\ & (\arctan x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{1+x^2}(arc\cot x{)}^{\prime }=-\frac{1}{1+x^2}\\ & (\arcsin x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}(\arccos x{)}^{\prime }=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\\ & (\ln (x+\sqrt{x^2+a^2}){)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+a^2}}常见a=1(\ln (x-\sqrt{x^2-a^2}){)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-a^2}},x>a\end{array}$$

复合、隐、参数、分段（含绝对值）、反函数等

$$\begin{array}{rl}[例1]& 设f(x)=x^3+2x-4,g(x)=f[f(x)],则g^{\prime }(0)=\underline{}\\ & 一层一层剥开她的心\\ & g^{\prime }(x)=f^{\prime }[f(x)]f^{\prime }(x)\\ & f^{\prime }(x)=3x^2+2,则f^{\prime }(0)=2,f^{\prime }(-4)=50\\ & g^{\prime }(0)=f^{\prime }[f(0)]f^{\prime }(0)=f^{\prime }(-4)f^{\prime }(0)=100\\ [例2]& 设y=x^3+3x+1,则\frac{dx}{dy}{|}_{y=1}=\underline{}\\ & \frac{dx}{dy}{|}_{y=1}=\frac{1}{y_x^{\prime }}{|}_{x=0}=\frac{1}{3x^2+3}{|}_{x=0}=\frac{1}{3}\\ [例3]& 已知可微函数y=y(x),由方程y=-y{e}^x+2e^y\sin x-7x所确定，求y^{\prime \prime }(0)\\ & y=-y{e}^x+2e^y\sin x-7x\\ & ⟹y^{\prime }=-y^{\prime }{e}^x-y{e}^x+2e^y\sin x\cdot y^{\prime }+2e^y\cdot \cos x-7\\ & ⟹y^{\prime \prime }=-y^{\prime \prime }{e}^x-y^{\prime }{e}^x-y^{\prime }{e}^x-y{e}^x+2e^y\cdot (y^{\prime }{)}^2\sin x+\\ & 2e^y\cos x\cdot y^{\prime }+2e^y\sin x\cdot y^{\prime \prime }+2e^y\cdot y^{\prime }\cos x-2e^y\sin x\\ & 由x=0代入，分别得：\{\begin{array}{l}y=0\\ y^{\prime }=-\frac{5}{2}\\ y^{\prime \prime }=-\frac{5}{2}\end{array}\\ [例4]& 设函数y=y(x)由参数方程\{\begin{array}{l}x=1+t^2\\ y=\cos t\end{array}所确定\\ & 求(1)\frac{dy}{dx}和\frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2};\\ & (2)\underset{x\to 1^{+}}{\lim }\frac{dy}{dx}和\underset{x\to 1^{+}}{\lim }\frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}\\ (1)& \frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{y_t^{\prime }}{x_t^{\prime }}=\frac{-\sin t}{2t}\\ & \frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}=\frac{d(\frac{dy}{dx})}{dx}=\frac{-\frac{1}{2}(\frac{t\cos t-\sin t}{t^2})}{2t}=-\frac{t\cos t-\sin t}{4t^3}\\ (2)& \underset{x\to 1^{+}}{\lim }\frac{-\sin t}{2t}=\underset{t\to 0}{\lim }-\frac{\sin t}{2t}=-\frac{1}{2}\\ & \underset{x\to 1^{+}}{\lim }=\underset{t\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\sin t-t\cos t}{4t^3}=\underset{t\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\cos t-\cos t+t\sin t}{12t^2}=\frac{1}{12}\\ [例5]& 设f(x)=\mid x\mid e^{-\mid x-1\mid },求f^{\prime }(x)\\ & (1)先写出f(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}-x{e}^{x-1},x<0\\ x{e}^{x-1},0\le x<1\\ x{e}^{1-x},x\ge 1\end{array}\\ & (2)f^{\prime }(0)不\exists ,f^{\prime }(1)不\exists (分段点用定义求，之前求过)\\ & (3)非分段点用公式求f^{\prime }(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}(-1-x)e^{x-1},x<0\\ (1+x)e^{x-1},0<x<1\\ (1-x)e^{1-x},x>1\end{array}\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}[例6]& 设y=f(x)与x=g(y)互为反函数，y=f(x)可导且f^{\prime }(x)̸=0,f(3)=5,h(x)=f[\frac{1}{3}{g}^2(x^2+3x+1)],\\ & 求h^{\prime }(1)\\ & h^{\prime }(x)=f^{\prime }[\frac{1}{3}{g}^2(x^2+3x+1)]\frac{1}{3}2g(x^2+3x+1)\cdot g^{\prime }(x^2+3x+1)\cdot (2x+3)\\ & h^{\prime }(1)=f^{\prime }(\frac{1}{3}{g}^2(5))\cdot \frac{2}{3}g(5)\cdot g^{\prime }(5)\cdot 5\\ & 由y=f(x)与x=g(y)是反函数⟹\frac{dy}{dx}=f^{\prime }(x),\frac{dx}{dy}=g^{\prime }(y)\\ & ⟹\{\begin{array}{l}{f}^{\prime }(x)g^{\prime }(y)=1\\ f(3)=5,3=g(5)\\ f(x)=y,x=g(y)\end{array}⟹h^{\prime }(1)=f^{\prime }(3)\cdot \frac{2}{3}g(5)\cdot g^{\prime }(5)\cdot 5=10\\ [例7]& x=f(y)是函数y=x+\ln x的反函数，求\frac{d^{2}f}{d{y}^2}\\ & x_y^{\prime }={\frac{1}{y}}_x^{\prime },x_y^{\prime \prime }=-\frac{y_x^{\prime \prime }}{(y_x^{\prime }{)}^3}\\ & 有y_x^{\prime }=1+\frac{1}{x},y_x^{\prime \prime }=-\frac{1}{x^2},x_y^{\prime \prime }=-\frac{y_x^{\prime \prime }}{(y_x^{\prime }{)}^3}=-\frac{-1/x^2}{(1+\frac{1}{x}{)}^3}=\frac{x}{(1+x{)}^3}\end{array}$$

多项乘除开方乘方

$$\begin{array}{rl}[例1]& 设y=[(1+x)(3+x{)}^9{]}^{\frac{1}{2}}\cdot (2+x{)}^4,求y^{\prime }(0)\\ & 取对数，再求导\\ & \ln y=\frac{1}{2}\ln (1+x)+\frac{9}{2}\ln (3+x)+4\ln (2+x)\\ & ⟹\frac{1}{y}\cdot y^{\prime }=\frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{1}{1+x}+\frac{9}{2}\cdot \frac{1}{3+x}+4\cdot \frac{1}{2+x}\\ & ⟹y^{\prime }(0)=(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{9}{6}+2)\cdot 3^{\frac{9}{2}}\cdot 2^4=2^6\cdot 3^{\frac{9}{2}}\\ [例2]& 设f(x)=\sqrt{\frac{(1+x)\sqrt{x}}{e^{x-1}}}+\arcsin \frac{1-x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}},求f^{\prime }(1)\\ & 令y_1=\sqrt{\frac{(1+x)\sqrt{x}}{e^{x-1}}}⟹\ln y_1=\frac{1}{2}(\ln (1+x)+\frac{1}{2}\ln x-(x-1))\\ & ⟹\frac{1}{y_1}\cdot y_1^{\prime \prime }=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{1+x}+\frac{1}{2x}-1)\\ & ⟹y_1^{\prime }(1)\underrightarrow{代入}0\\ & 令y_2=\arcsin \frac{1-x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}⟹y_2^{\prime }(1)=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{y_2(x)-y_2(1)}{x-1}\\ & =\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{\arcsin \frac{1-x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}-0}{x-1}=\underset{x\to 1}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1-x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}}{x-1}=-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\\ & 故f^{\prime }(1)=-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\end{array}$$

高阶导数

归纳法

莱布尼茨公式法

展开

$$\begin{array}{rl}[例1]& 求下列导数\\ (1)& y=\ln (1+x),求y^{(n)}\\ (2)& y=e^x\cos x,求y^{(4)}\\ (3)& 设f(x)=(x^2-3x+2{)}^n\cos \frac{\pi x^2}{16},则f^{(n)}(2)=\underline{}\\ (4)& 设f(x)=\frac{x}{1-2x^4},则f^{(101)}(0)=\underline{}\\ (1)& (\frac{1}{x}{)}^{\prime }=(x^{-1}{)}^{-1}=(-1)x^{-2},(\frac{1}{x}{)}^{\prime \prime }=(-1)(-2)x^{-3},(\frac{1}{x}{)}^n=(-1)n!x^{-(n+1)}\\ & (\ln x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{x},(\ln x{)}^n=(\frac{1}{x}{)}^{n-1}=(-1{)}^{n-1}(n-1)!\\ & (\ln (1+x){)}^{(n)}=(-1{)}^{n-1}(n-1)!(1+x{)}^{-n}\\ [注]& 同理，(e^x{)}^{(n)}=e^x,(a^x{)}^{(n)}=a^x(\ln a{)}^n\\ & (\sin kx{)}^{(n)}=k^n\sin (kx+n\cdot \frac{\pi }{2}),(\cos kx{)}^{(n)}=k^n\cos (kx+n\cdot \frac{\pi }{2})\\ (2)& (u\cdot v{)}^n=\sum _{k=0}^n{C}_n^k{u}^{(k)}{v}^{(n-k)}=C_n^{0}u{v}^{(n)}+C_n^1{u}^{\prime }{v}^{(n-1)}+\cdots +C_n^n{u}^{(n)}{v}^{(0)}\\ & \cos x(e^x{)}^4+4(-\sin x)(e^x{)}^{\prime \prime \prime }+6(-\cos x)(e^x{)}^{\prime \prime }+4\sin x(e^x{)}^{\prime }+\cos x\cdot e^x\\ (3)& (x-2{)}^3\to 3(x-2{)}^2\to 6(x-2)\to 6\to 3!\\ & (x-x_0{)}^n求n阶导数得到n!\\ & 故f(x)=(x-2{)}^n(x-1{)}^n\cdot \cos \frac{\pi x^2}{16}\\ & f^{(n)}(2)=(x-2{)}^n{|}_{x=2}+(x-2{)}^{n-1}{|}_{x=2}+\cdots +(x-2){|}_{x=2}+1\cdot n!\cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\\ (4)& \{\begin{array}{l}1.抽象展开f(x)={\sum }_{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}{x}^n\\ 2.具体展开式f(x)=\\ 3.展开式唯一⟹1=2⟹f^{(n)}(0)\end{array}\\ & 1.f(x)=\sum _{m=0}^{\infty }\frac{f^{(m)}(0)}{m!}{x}^m\\ & 2.f(x)=x\cdot \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{2}^n\cdot x^{4n}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{2}^n\cdot x^{4n+1}\\ & 3.m=101⟹\frac{f^{(101)}(0)}{(101)!}{x}^{101}⟹4n+1=101⟹n=25\\ & ⟹2^{25}{x}^{101}即f^{(101)}(0)=2^{25}(101)!\\ [注]& \frac{1}{1-x}=1+x+x^2+cdots+x^n+\cdots =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{x}^n,\mid x\mid <1\\ & \frac{1}{1-狗}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{狗}^n,\mid 狗\mid <1\\ & \frac{1}{1-2x^4}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(2x^4{)}^n,\mid 2x^4\mid <1\end{array}$$

导数的几何应用

研究对象

$$\begin{array}{rl}& 1.祖孙三代\{\begin{array}{l}f(x),f_n(x),f_1{f}_2\dots f_n\\ f^{\prime }(x),\frac{df(x)}{d{x}^2}=\frac{1}{2x}{f}^{\prime }(x)\\ {\int }_a^{x}f(t)dt\\ \sum a_n{x}^n\end{array}\\ & 2.分段函数（含绝对值函数）\\ & 3.用参数表示函数\{\begin{array}{l}x=x(t)\\ y=y(t)\end{array}\\ & 4.隐函数F(x,y)=0\end{array}$$

研究内容

斜率、切线、法线、截距

$$\begin{array}{rl}& y=y(x)⟹y^{\prime }(x)⟹k⟺切线k,法线-\frac{1}{k}\\ [例1]& 曲线(2-x^{n^2})y=1在点(1,1)处的切线与x轴的交点为(x_n,0),n=1,2\dots ,则\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }{x}_n^{\frac{n^2}{2}}=?(f_n(x)\to k)\\ & y=\frac{1}{2-x^{n^2}},y^{\prime }=-\frac{-n^2{x}^{n^2-1}}{(2-x^{n^2}{)}^2},y^{\prime }(1)=n^2=k_n\\ & 切线y-1=n^2(x-1),令y=0,x_n=1-\frac{1}{n^2}\\ & 故\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }{x}_n^{\frac{n^2}{2}}=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }(1-\frac{1}{n^2}{)}^{\frac{n^2}{2}}=e^{{\lim }_n\to \infty n^2/2\cdot (-1/n^2)}=e^{-\frac{1}{2}}\\ [例2]& 使曲线f(x)=x^n在点(1,1)处的切线与x轴的交点为(x_n,0),n=1,2,\cdots ,求\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }f(x_n)\\ & f^{\prime }(x)=n{x}^{n-1}⟹k=n,故y-1=n(x-1)⟹x_n=1-\frac{1}{n}\\ & 故I=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }f(x_n)=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }(1-\frac{1}{n}{)}^n=e^A=e^{-1}\\ & 其中A=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }n(1-\frac{1}{n}-1)=-1\\ [例3]& 若曲线C:f(x)由方程2x-y=2\arctan (y-x)确定，则曲线在点(1+\frac{\pi }{2},2+\frac{\pi }{2})的切线方程是\underline{}\\ & 2-y^{\prime }=\frac{2}{1+(y-x{)}^2}(y^{\prime }-1)⟹k=y^{\prime }{|}_p=\frac{3}{2}\\ & ⟹y-(2+\frac{\pi }{2})=\frac{3}{2}(x-(1+\frac{\pi }{2}))\\ [例4]& 已知两条曲线由y=f(x)与xy+e^{x+y}=1所确定，且在点(0,0)处的切线相同，\\ & 写出此切线方程，求极限\underset{n\to 0}{\lim }nf(\frac{2}{n}）\\ & 由xy+e^{x+y}=1,知y+x{y}^{\prime }+e^{x+y}(1+y^{\prime })=0\\ & ⟹y^{\prime }(0)=-1=k,\therefore y-0=-x\\ & ⟹I=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{f(\frac{2}{n})}{\frac{1}{n}}=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{f(0+\frac{2}{n})-f(0)}{\frac{2}{n}}\cdot 2=2f^{\prime }(0)=-2\end{array}$$

极值、单调性

$$\begin{array}{rl}& 极值点：若存在x_0的某个邻域，使得在该邻域内任意一点x，则\{\begin{array}{l}f(x)\le f(x_0)\to 极大值\\ f(x)\ge f(x_0)\to 极小值\end{array}\\ & 单调性：若y=f(x)在区间I上有f^{\prime }(x)>0,则y=f(x)在I上单调增加，若f^{\prime }(x)<0,则单调减少\\ & 判别:\{\begin{array}{l}1.令f^{\prime }(x)=0⟹x_0驻点（不\exists ⟹不可导点）\\ 2.判别(x_0-\delta ,x_0)时,f^{\prime }(x)?0,(x_0,x_0+\delta )时,f^{\prime }(x)?0,\to x_0是否为极值点\end{array}\\ [例1]& 求y=\sum _{k=0}^n\frac{x^k}{k!}\cdot e^{-x}的极值(\sum a_n{x}^n\to 极值/单调性)\\ & y=\sum _{k=0}^n\frac{x^k}{k!}\cdot e^{-x}=(1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\cdots +\frac{x^n}{n!})\cdot e^{-x}\\ & 1.y^{\prime }=(1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\cdots +\frac{x^{n-1}}{n-1})\cdot e^{-x}+(1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\cdots +\frac{x^n}{n!})\cdot e^{-x}\cdot (-1)=-\frac{x^n}{n!}\cdot e^{-x}\\ & 令y^{\prime }=0⟹x=0(驻点)\\ & 2.\{\begin{array}{l}n为偶数\{\begin{array}{l}x<0\\ x>0\end{array}\to y^{\prime }(x)<0\to x=0不是极值点\\ n为奇数\{\begin{array}{l}x<0\to y^{\prime }(x)>0\\ x>0\to y^{\prime }(x)<0\end{array}\to x=0是极大值点\end{array}\\ [例2]& \{\begin{array}{l}{x}^{2x},x>0\\ x{e}^x+1,x\le 0\end{array}求f^{\prime }(x)并求f(x)的极值\\ & 1.x>0,f^{\prime }(x)=(x^{2x}{)}^{\prime }=(e^{2x\ln x}{)}^{\prime }=e^{2x\ln x}\cdot (2\ln x+x)=2x^{2x}\cdot (\ln x+1)\\ & x<0,f^{\prime }(x)=e^x+x\cdot e^x=(1+x)e^x\\ & x=0,f_{+}^{\prime }(0)=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{e^{2x\ln x}-1}{x}=-\infty ,不存在\\ & 则f^{\prime }(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}2x^{2x}\cdot (\ln x+1),x>0\\ (1+x)e^x,x<0\end{array}\\ & 2.令2x^{2x}\cdot (\ln x+1)=0⟹x=\frac{1}{e}⟺0<x<\frac{1}{e}\to f^{\prime }(x)<0x>\frac{1}{e}\to f^{\prime }(x)>0\\ & \underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }{x}^{2x}=e^0=1=f(0),\therefore 极小值f(\frac{1}{e})=e^{-\frac{2}{e}}\\ & 令(1+x)e^x=0⟹x=-1⟺x<-1\to f^{\prime }(x)<0x>-1⟹f^{\prime }(x)>0\\ & \therefore 极小值f(-1)=1-\frac{1}{e}且极大值f(0)=1\\ [例3]& 求双曲线y_1=\frac{1}{x}与抛物线y_2=\sqrt{x}的交角\\ & 交点(1,1),y_1^{\prime }(1)=(-\frac{1}{x^2}){|}_{x=1}=-1=\tan \alpha \\ & y_2^{\prime }(1)=(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}){|}_{x=1}=\frac{1}{2}=\tan \beta \\ & ⟹r=\alpha -\beta =\frac{3}{4}\pi -\arctan \frac{1}{2}\\ [例4]& 求函数f(x)=|x|e^{-|x-1|}的极值\\ & f(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}-x{e}^{x-1},x<0\\ 0,x=0\\ x{e}^{x-1},0<x<1\\ 1,x=1\\ x{e}^{1-x},x>1\end{array}{f}^{\prime }(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}-e^{x-1}-x{e}^{x-1},x<0\\ e^{x-1}+x{e}^{x-1},0<x<1\\ e^{1-x}-x{e}^{1_x},x>1\end{array}\\ & f_{(}^{\prime }0)=-e^{-1},f_{+}^{\prime }(0)=e^{-1},\therefore f^{\prime }(0)不存在\\ & f_{(}^{\prime }1)=2,f_{+}^{\prime }(1)=0,\therefore f^{\prime }(1)不存在\\ & 知x_1=-1,x_2=0,x_3=1,则x_1=-1为极大点，x_2=0为极小点，x_3=1为极大点\\ [例5]& 设正值函数f(x)在(1,+\infty )内连续，求函数F(x)={\int }_1^x[(\frac{2}{x}+\ln x)-(\frac{2}{t}+\ln t)]f(t)dt的最小值点\\ & F(x)={\int }_1^x(\frac{2}{x}+\ln x)f(t)dt-{\int }_1^x(\frac{2}{t}+\ln t)f(t)dt\\ & =(\frac{2}{x}+\ln x){\int }_1^{x}f(t)dt-{\int }_1^x(\frac{2}{t}+\ln t)f(t)dt\\ & ⟹F^{\prime }(x)=(-\frac{2}{x^2}+\frac{1}{x}){\int }_1^{x}f(t)dt+(\frac{2}{x}+\ln x)F(x)-(\frac{2}{x}+\ln x)f(x)\\ & 由F^{\prime }(x)=0知x=2是唯一极小值点,\therefore x=2是最小值点\\ [例6]& 设f(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}{\lim }_{n\to \infty }\frac{1}{n}(1+\cos \frac{x}{n}+\cos \frac{2x}{n}+\cdots +\cos \frac{n-1}{n}x),x>0\\ 1,x=0\\ f(-x),x<0\end{array}\\ & (1)求f^{\prime }(0)(2)求f(x)在[-\pi ,\pi ]上的最大值\\ (1)& x>0时,f(x)=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}\cos \frac{i}{n}x\cdot \frac{1}{n}=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}\cos \frac{x}{n}i\cdot \frac{x}{n}\cdot \frac{1}{x}\\ & =\frac{1}{x}{\int }_0^x\cos tdt=\frac{\sin x}{x}⟹f(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\sin x}{x},x>0\\ 1,x=0\\ \frac{\sin x}{x},x<0\end{array}为偶函数\\ & f^{\prime }(0)=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\frac{\sin x}{x}-1}{x}=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\sin x-x}{x^2}=0\\ (2)& 只研究[0,\pi ],f^{\prime }(x)=(\frac{\sin x}{x}{)}^{\prime }=\frac{x\cos x-\sin x}{x^2}\\ & 令g(x)=x\cos x-\sin x\\ & 则g^{\prime }(x)=\cos x+x(-\sin x)-\cos x=-x\sin x\le 0\\ & ⟹g(x)单调递减，g(0)=0⟹g(x)<0\\ & ⟹f^{\prime }(x)<0⟹f(x)单调递减,f(0)=1,f(\pi )=0⟹[0,1]\\ [例7]& 已知f^{\prime }(-x)=x[f^{\prime }(x)+1],求f(x)的极值点，并说明是极大值点还是极小值点\\ & f^{\prime }(-1x)=x[f^{\prime }(x)+1]⟹f^{\prime }(x)=-x[f^{\prime }(x)+1]\\ & 代入,得f^{\prime }(x)=-x[x[f^{\prime }(x)+1]+1]⟹f^{\prime }(x)=\frac{-x^2-x}{1+x^2}\\ & 由f^{\prime }(x)=0,知x_1=0,x_2=-1\\ & \therefore x_1=0是极大值点，x_2=-1是极小值点\end{array}$$

拐点、凹凸性

$$\begin{array}{rl}& 凹凸性判别：设函数f(x)在I上二阶可导，则f^{\prime \prime }(x)>0为凹，f^{\prime \prime }(x)<0为凸\\ & 拐点：设f^{\prime \prime }(x_0)存在，且点(x_0,f(x_0))为曲线上的拐点，则f^{\prime \prime }(x_0)=0\\ & 参数方程求导：\{\begin{array}{l}x=x(t)\\ y=y(t)\end{array}\to \{\begin{array}{l}\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy/dt}{dx/dt}=\frac{y^{\prime }(t}{x^{\prime }(t)}=f(t)\\ \frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}=\frac{d(dy/dx)}{dx}=\frac{df(t)/dt}{dx/dt}\end{array}\\ & [例]y(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}x=\frac{1}{3}{t}^3+t+\frac{1}{3}\\ y=\frac{1}{3}{t}^3-t+\frac{1}{3}\end{array}，求y=y(x)的极值、凹凸性和拐点(参数方程\to 凹凸性/拐点)\\ & [分析]\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{y^{\prime }(t)}{x^{\prime }(t)}=\frac{t^2-1}{t^2+1}\\ & \frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}=\frac{f^{\prime }(t)}{x^{\prime }(t)}=\frac{[2t(t^2+1)-(t^2-1)\cdot 2t]/(t^2+1{)}^2}{t^2+1}=\frac{2t^3+2t-2t^3+2t}{(t^2+1{)}^2}\cdot \frac{1}{(t^2+1)}=\frac{4t}{(t^2+1{)}^3}\\ & 令\frac{dy}{dx}=0\to t=\pm 1\frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}\to t=0\\ & \begin{array}{cccccccc}t& (-\infty ,-1)& -1& (-1,0)& 0& (0,1)& 1& (1,+\infty )\\ x& (-\infty ,-1)& -1& (-1,\frac{1}{3})& \frac{1}{3}& (\frac{1}{3},\frac{3}{5})& \frac{3}{5}& (\frac{3}{5},+\infty )\\ y^{\prime }& +& 0& -& -1& -& 0& +\\ y^{\prime \prime }& -& -& -& 0& +& +& +\end{array}\end{array}$$

渐近线

$$\begin{array}{rl}& 判别\{\begin{array}{l}水平渐近线:{\lim }_{x\to \infty }f(x)=A\\ 铅锤渐近线:{\lim }_{x\to x_0}=\infty \\ 斜渐近线:{\lim }_{x\to +\infty }\frac{y(x)}{x}=k(同阶才可以)，若k̸=0,则求b={\lim }_{x\to +\infty }[y(x)-kx],得y=kx+b\end{array}\\ [例1]& 求y=\sqrt{4x^2+x}\cdot \ln (2+\frac{1}{x})的全部渐近线(f(x)复杂\to 渐近线)\\ & [分析]由两个分部得定义域x\in (-\infty ,-\frac{1}{2})\bigcup (0,+\infty )\\ 1.& \underset{x\to -\frac{1}{2}-0}{\lim }\sqrt{4x^2+x}\cdot \ln (2+\frac{1}{x})=-\infty ⟺x=-\frac{1}{2}是一条铅锤渐近线\\ & \underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\sqrt{4x^2+x}\cdot \ln (2+\frac{1}{x})=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\sqrt{4x^2+x}\cdot \ln (2x+1)-\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\sqrt{4x^2+x}\cdot \ln x\\ & =-\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\sqrt{4x+1}\cdot \sqrt{x}\cdot \ln x=0\\ 2.& \underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\sqrt{4x^2+x}\cdot \ln (2+\frac{1}{x})=+\infty ,没有水平渐近线\\ 3.& \underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\frac{y}{x}=\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\sqrt{4+\frac{1}{x}}\cdot \ln (2+\frac{1}{x})=2\ln 2̸=0,故k\exists \\ & b=\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }[y-kx]=\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }(\sqrt{4x^2+x}\ln (2+\frac{1}{x})-2\ln 2\cdot x),令x=\frac{1}{t}\\ & b=\underset{t\to 0^{+}}{\lim }(\sqrt{\frac{4+t}{t^2}}\ln (2+t)-\frac{2\ln 2}{t})=\underset{t\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{\sqrt{4+t}\ln (2+t)-2\ln 2}{t}\\ & =\underset{t\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{1}{2\sqrt{4+t}}\ln (2+t)+\frac{\sqrt{4+t}}{2+t}=\frac{1}{4}\ln 2+1\\ & y=2\ln 2\cdot x+\frac{1}{4}\ln 2+1为斜渐近线\\ & 当x\to -\infty 时，y=-ax-b=-2\ln 2\cdot x-(\frac{1}{4}\ln 2+1)为另一斜渐近线\\ & [注]\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }{x}^{\alpha }\ln x=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{\ln x}{x^{-\alpha }}=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{x^{-1}}{-\alpha x^{-\alpha -1}}=-\frac{1}{\alpha }\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }{x}^{\alpha }=0\\ [例2]& 求下列各题\\ (1)& x>0,y=x\sin \frac{1}{x},求其水平渐近线\\ (2)& x>0,y=x+\sin \frac{1}{x},求其斜渐近线\\ (3)& y=\ln (e-\frac{1}{x}),求其铅垂渐近线\\ (1)& \underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }x\sin \frac{1}{x}=\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\frac{\sin \frac{1}{x}}{\frac{1}{x}}=1⟹y=1为水平渐近线\\ (2)& \underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\frac{y}{x}=\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\frac{x+\sin \frac{1}{x}}{x}=1=a\\ & b=\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }[y(ax)-ax]=\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\sin \frac{1}{x}=0⟹y=ax+b为斜渐近线\\ (3)& 有e-\frac{1}{x}>0,x>\frac{1}{e}\\ & 故\underset{x\to 0^{-}}{\lim }\ln (e-\frac{1}{x})=+\infty ⟹x=0是铅垂渐近线\\ & \underset{x\to {\frac{1}{e}}^{+0}}{\lim }\ln (e-\frac{1}{x})=-\infty ⟹x=\frac{1}{e}是铅垂渐近线\end{array}$$

导数的证明性应用

中值定理

$$\begin{array}{rl}& 设f(x)在[a,b]上连续(涉及函数f(x)的中值定理)\\ & 1.有界性定理：|f(x)|\le k\\ & 2.最值定理：m\le f(x)\le M\\ & 3.介值定理：若m\le \mu \le M,\exists \xi \in [a,b],使f(\xi )=\mu \\ & 4.零点定理：若f(a),f(b)<0⟹\exists \xi \in (a,b),使f(\xi )=0\\ & 涉及到导数f^{\prime }(x)的中值定理\\ & 5.费马定理：设f(x)在x_0处\{\begin{array}{l}可导\\ 取极值\end{array}⟹f^{\prime }(x_0)=0\\ & 6.罗尔定理：设f(x)\{\begin{array}{l}[a,b]连续\\ (a,b)可导\\ f(a)=f(b)\end{array}⟹\exists f^{\prime }(\xi )=0,\xi \in (a,b)\\ & 7.拉格朗日中值定理：设f(x)\{\begin{array}{l}[a,b]连续\\ (a,b)可导\end{array}⟹f(b)-f(a)=f^{\prime }(\xi )(b-a),\exists \xi \in (a,b)\\ & 8.柯西中值定理：设f(x),g(x)\{\begin{array}{l}[a,b]连续\\ (a,b)可导\\ g^{\prime }(x)̸=0\end{array}⟹\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{g(b)-g(a)}=\frac{f^{\prime }(\xi )}{g^{\prime }(\xi )},\exists \xi \in (a,b)\\ & 9.泰勒公式：\\ & f(x)=f(x_0)+f^{\prime }(x_0)(x-x_0)+\frac{f^{\prime \prime }(x_0)}{2!}(x-x_0{)}^2+\cdots +\frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}(x-x_0{)}^n+\{\begin{array}{l}\circ ((x=x_0{)}^n)\\ \frac{f^{(n)}(\xi )}{n!}(x-x_0{)}^{n+1}\end{array}\\ & 麦克劳林公式：f(x)=f(0)+f^{\prime }(0)x+\frac{f^{\prime \prime }(0)}{2!}{x}^2+\cdots +\frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}{x}^n+\{\begin{array}{l}\circ (x^n)佩亚诺余项\\ \frac{f^{n+1}(\xi )}{(n+1)!}{x}^{n+1}拉格朗日余项\end{array}\\ & 10.积分中值定理：设f(x)在[a,b]上连续⟹{\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx=f(\xi )(b-a),\exists \xi \in [a,b]\\ & [注]称\{\begin{array}{l}\hat{f}=\frac{1}{b-a}{\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx\\ \hat{f}=\frac{1}{n}{\sum }_{i=1}^{n}f(x_i)\end{array}叫f(x)在[a,b]上的平均值\end{array}$$

1.确定区间

2.确定辅助函数

3.确定点的值

4.确定所用定理

确定辅助函数

$$\begin{array}{rl}(1)& 简单情形：题设f(x)即为辅助函数\\ (2)& 复杂情形\\ & \{\begin{array}{l}1.乘积求导公式逆用\{\begin{array}{l}(uv{)}^{\prime }=u^{\prime }v+u{v}^{\prime }\\ (uv{)}^{\prime \prime }=u^{\prime \prime }v+2u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }+u{v}^{\prime \prime }\end{array}\\ 2.商的求导公式逆用\{\begin{array}{l}1.(\frac{f(x)}{x}{)}^{\prime }=\frac{f^{\prime }(x)x-f(x)}{x^2}\\ 2.[\frac{f^{\prime }(x)}{f(x)}{]}^{\prime }=\frac{f^{\prime \prime }(x)f(x)-[f^{\prime }(x){]}^2}{f^2(x)}\\ 3.[\ln f(x){]}^{\prime \prime }=\frac{f^{\prime \prime }(x)f(x)-[f^{\prime }(x){]}^2}{f^2(x)}\end{array}\\ 3.变现积分:若出现{\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx,可能是令F(x)={\int }_a^{x}f(t)dt\\ 4.若复杂到作不出辅助函数，则题设给出F(x)或F(a)，提示考生令其为辅助函数\end{array}\end{array}$$

确定使用定理

$$\begin{array}{rl}1.& 介值定理:证f(\xi )=\mu \\ 2.& 费马定理:证f^{\prime }(\xi )=0(最/极值，区间内)\\ 3.& 罗尔定理:证f^{\prime }(\xi )=0(f(a)=f(b))\\ 4.& 拉格朗日:\{\begin{array}{l}1.题设中有f,f^{\prime }得关系，或f-f\\ 2.证f(x)\ge A或f^{\prime }(\xi )\ge A\\ 3.证f^{(n)}(\xi )\ge A\\ 4.\theta \\ 5.单调性(f,f^{\prime })\end{array}\\ 5.& 泰勒:\{\begin{array}{l}1.题设中有f与f^{(n)},n>1的关系\\ 2.证f^{(n)}(\xi )\ge A\end{array}\\ 6.& 柯西\end{array}$$

确定点的信息

$$\begin{array}{rl}1.& 用题设告知，如f(a)=0\\ 2.& 用极限:\{\begin{array}{l}1.连续定义{\lim }_{x\to x_0}f(x)=f(x_0)\\ 2.导数定义f^{\prime }(x_0)={\lim }_{x\to x_0}\frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{x-x_0}\\ 3.保号(不等式脱帽法)\\ 4.取极限\end{array}\\ 3.& 用积分:\{\begin{array}{l}1.\overline{f}=\frac{{\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx}{b-a}=f(\xi )(均值定义)\\ 2.F(x)={\int }_a^{x}f(t)dt(原函数定义)\\ 3.保号:若f(x)\ge 0不恒=0⟹{\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx>0\\ 4.取积分\end{array}\\ 4.& 用介值：f(a)=A,f(b)=B,A<\mu <B⟹f(\xi )=\mu \\ 5.& 用费马⟹f^{\prime }(\xi )=0\\ 6.& 用奇偶⟹\{\begin{array}{l}若f(x)奇⟹f(0)=0\\ 若f(x)偶⟹f^{\prime }(x)奇⟹f^{\prime }(0)=0\end{array}\\ 7.& 用几何:\{\begin{array}{l}1.存在相等的最大值：f(a)=f(b)\\ 2.f(x)与g(x)交于a点⟹F(a)=f(a)-g(a)=0\\ 3.f(x)与g(x)在a点处有公切线⟹F^{\prime }(a)=f^{\prime }(a)-g^{\prime }(a)=0\end{array}\\ 8.& 用行列式:如f(x)=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}1& x& 4\\ 2& 2x& 7\\ 3& 3x& 9\end{array}\right|⟹f(0)=0,f(1)=0⟹罗尔定理的f^{\prime }(\xi )=0\end{array}$$

例题

$$\begin{array}{rl}[例1]& 设li{m}_{x\to 0}\frac{f(x)}{x}=1,f^{\prime \prime }(x)>0,证明f(x)\ge x\\ & f(0)=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }f(x)=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)}{x}=0,且1=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}=f^{\prime }(0)\\ & f(x)=f(x_0)+f^{\prime }(x_0)(x-x_0)+\frac{f^{\prime \prime }(\xi )}{2}(x-x_0{)}^2\\ & 即f(x)=f(0)+f^{\prime }(0)(x-0)+\frac{f^{\prime \prime }(\xi )}{2}(x-0{)}^2\\ & f(x)=x+\circ \ge x\\ [Th]& 若f(x)在x=x_0处连续且\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)}{x-x_0}=A,则f(x_0)=0,f^{\prime }(x_0)=A\\ [证]& f(x_0)=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }f(x)=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)}{x-x_0}(x-x_0)=0且f^{\prime }(x_0)=\underset{x\to x_0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{x-x_0}=A\\ [例2]& 设f(x)在[a,b]上连续,(a.b)内可导且f(a)̸=f(b),证明\exists \xi ,\eta \in (a,b),使得\frac{f^{\prime }(\xi )}{2\xi }=\frac{f^{\prime }(\eta )}{b+a}.a>0\\ & 1.\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b^2-a^2}=\frac{f^{\prime }(\xi )}{2\xi }\\ & 2.f(b)-f(a)=f^{\prime }(\eta )(b-a)⟹f(b)-f(a)=\frac{f^{\prime }(\xi )}{2\xi }(b^2-a^2)=f(b)-f(a)=f^{\prime }(\eta )(b-a)\\ & ⟹\frac{f^{\prime }(\xi )}{2\xi }(b+a)(b-a)=f^{\prime }(\eta )(b-a)\\ [例3]& 设f(x)在[0,4]上一阶可导，且f^{\prime }(x)\ge \frac{1}{4},f(2)\ge 0,则在\underline{[3,4]}上必有f(x)\ge \frac{1}{4}\\ & f(b)-f(a)=f^{\prime }(\xi )(b-a)\\ & f(3)-f(2)=f^{\prime }(3)(3-2)⟹f(3)=f(2)+f^{\prime }(3)\ge \frac{1}{4}\\ [例4]& 设x>0,证明(1)\sqrt{x+1}-\sqrt{X}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x+\theta (x)}},0<\theta (x)<1,(2)求\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\theta (x)\\ (1)& 令f(t)=\sqrt{t},则由拉氏定理得\\ & \sqrt{x+1}-\sqrt{x}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x+\theta (x)}}，其中0<\theta (x)=\xi -x<1\\ (2)& 2\sqrt{x+\theta (x)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x+1}-\sqrt{x}}=\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}\\ & 4(x+\theta (x))=x+1+2\sqrt{(x+1)x}+x\\ & \theta (x)=\frac{x}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{(x+1)x}-x=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{(x+1)x}-\frac{x}{2}\\ & \underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\theta (x)=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }(\sqrt{(x+1)x}-x)=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\frac{1\cdot x}{\sqrt{(x+1)x}+x}=\frac{1}{2}\\ [例5]& 设f(x)=\arcsin x,\xi 为f(x)在[0,b]上拉氏中值定理得中值点，0<b<1,求\underset{b\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{\xi }{b}\\ & \arcsin b-\arcsin 0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-b^2}}\cdot b⟹\xi =\sqrt{1-(\frac{b}{\arcsin b}{)}^2}\\ & \underset{b\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{\xi }{b}=\underset{b\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{\sqrt{1-(\frac{b}{\arcsin b}{)}^2}}{b}\\ & 令b=\sin t则I=\underset{t\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{\sqrt{1-(\frac{\sin t}{t}{)}^2}}{\sin t}=\underset{t\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{\sqrt{t^2-(\sin t{)}^2}}{t\sin t}=\underset{t\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}{t}^2}{t^2}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\end{array}$$