贝塞尔方程与贝塞尔函数

n阶的贝塞尔方程有如下形式：
$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{r}{x}^2{y}^{{}^{\prime \prime }}+x{y}^{{}^{\prime }}+(x^2-n^2)y=0\end{array}\end{array}$$假定贝塞尔方程有如下形式的显式级数解：
$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{rl}y(x)& =\sum _{\gamma =0}^{\infty }{a}_{\gamma }{x}^{m+\gamma }\\ y& =a_0{x}^m+a_1{x}^{m+1}+\cdots +a_{\gamma }{x}^{m+\gamma }\end{array}\end{array}$$代入到（1）式中得：
$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{rl}& a_0(m^2-n^2)x^m+a_1\left[(m+1{)}^2-n^2\right]x^{m+1}+\left\{a_2\left[(m+2{)}^2-n^2\right]+a_0\right\}{x}^{m+2}+\cdots =0\\ & 后续的形式为：\left\{a_{\gamma }\left[(m+\gamma {)}^2-n^2\right]+a_{\gamma -2}\right\}{x}^{m+\gamma }\end{array}\end{array}$$该方程恒等于零，所以需要级数里的每一项的系数为零：
$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{rl}& a_0(m^2-n^2)=0,m=\pm n\\ & a_1\left[(m+1{)}^2-n^2\right]=0,a_1=0\\ & a_2=\frac{-a_0}{(m+2{)}^2-n^2}=\frac{-a_0}{(m+2+n)(m+2-n)}\\ & a_3=0,a_5=0,\cdots ,a_{2t=1}=0,t=1,2,3,\cdots \\ & a_4=\frac{-a_2}{(m+4{)}^2-n^2}=\frac{-a_2}{(m+4-n)(m+4+n)}=\frac{-a_0}{(m+4-n)(m+4+n)(m+2+n)(m+2-n)}\end{array}\end{array}$$以为贝塞尔方程式二阶微分方程，所以它应该具有两个通解$y_1,y_2$，且它具有以下形式的解：
$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{rl}& y=a_0{x}^m\left[1-\frac{x^2}{(m+2+n)(m+2-n)}+\frac{x^4}{(m+2+n)(m+2-n)(m+4+n)(m+4-n)}-\cdots \right]\\ & y=A{y}_1+B{y}_2\end{array}\end{array}$$考虑 $m=n$ 和 $m=-n$ 两种情形，可得上述的两个解如下：
$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{rl}& y_1\stackrel{m=n}{==}{a}_0{x}^n\left[1-\frac{x^2}{2\cdot 2\cdot (n+1)}+\frac{x^4}{2\cdot 4\cdot 2^2(n+1)(n+2)}-\cdots \right]\\ & y_2\stackrel{m=-n}{==}{a}_0{x}^{-n}\left[1-\frac{x^2}{2\cdot 2\cdot (-n+1)}+\frac{x^4}{2\cdot 4\cdot 2^2(-n+1)(-n+2)}-\cdots \right]\end{array}\end{array}$$通过给定初始的系数$a_0=\frac{1}{n!2^n}$可以得到n阶的贝塞尔函数具有以下形式：
$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{rl}& J_n(x)=\frac{x^n}{2^{n}n!}\left[1-\frac{x^2}{2(2n+2)}+\frac{x^4}{2\cdot 2\cdot 4(2n+2)(2n+4)}-\cdots \right]\\ & J_n(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^k}{k!(k+n)!}{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}^{2k+n}\\ & J_{-n}(x)=(-1{)}^n{J}_n(x)\end{array}\end{array}$$关于$J_{-n}(x)$的证明如下：
$$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{rl}{J}_{-n}(x)& =\sum _{k=n}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^k}{k!(k-n)!}{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}^{2k-n}\\ & \stackrel{k=n+s}{===}\sum _{s=0}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^{n+s}}{(n+s)!s!}{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}^{2s+n}\\ & =\sum _{s=0}^{\infty }\frac{(-1{)}^n(-1{)}^s}{(n+s)!s!}{\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}^{2s+n}\\ & =(-1{)}^n{J}_n(x)\end{array}\end{array}$$

前三个贝塞尔函数Jn和Yn的图