Qiskit量子计算-搬运

# This code is part of Qiskit.
# (C) Copyright IBM 2018, 2019.
# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0. Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating that they have been altered from the originals.
"""
Qiskit Aer qasm simulator backend.
"""

import copy
import logging
from warnings import warn
from qiskit.providers.options import Options
from qiskit.providers.models import QasmBackendConfiguration

from ..version import __version__
from ..aererror import AerError
from .aerbackend import AerBackend
from .backend_utils import (cpp_execute, available_methods,
                            MAX_QUBITS_STATEVECTOR,
                            LEGACY_METHOD_MAP,
                            map_legacy_method_options)
# pylint: disable=import-error, no-name-in-module
from .controller_wrappers import aer_controller_execute

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

 Noisy quantum circuit simulator backend.

Configurable Options

The QasmSimulator supports multiple simulation methods and
configurable options for each simulation method. These may be set using the
appropriate kwargs during initialization. They can also be set of updated
using the :meth:set_options method.

Run-time options may also be specified as kwargs using the :meth:run method.
These will not be stored in the backend and will only apply to that execution.
They will also override any previously set options.

For example, to configure a density matrix simulator with a custom noise
model to use for every execution

noise_model = NoiseModel.from_backend(backend)
backend = QasmSimulator(method=‘density_matrix’,
noise_model=noise_model)

Simulating an IBMQ Backend

The simulator can be automatically configured to mimic an IBMQ backend using
the :meth:from_backend method. This will configure the simulator to use the
basic device :class:NoiseModel for that backend, and the same basis gates
and coupling map.

backend = QasmSimulator.from_backend(backend)

Simulation Method Option

The simulation method is set using the method kwarg.
Supported simulation methods are

• "statevector": A dense statevector simulation that can sample
  measurement outcomes from ideal circuits with all measurements at
  end of the circuit. For noisy simulations each shot samples a
  randomly sampled noisy circuit from the noise model.
  "statevector_cpu" is an alias of "statevector".

• "statevector_gpu": A dense statevector simulation that provides
  the same functionalities with "statevector". GPU performs the computation
  to calculate probability amplitudes as CPU does. If no GPU is available,
  a runtime error is raised.

• "density_matrix": A dense density matrix simulation that may
  sample measurement outcomes from noisy circuits with all
  measurements at end of the circuit. It can only simulate half the
  number of qubits as the statevector method.

• "density_matrix_gpu": A dense density matrix simulation that provides
  the same functionalities with "density_matrix". GPU performs the computation
  to calculate probability amplitudes as CPU does. If no GPU is available,
  a runtime error is raised.

• "stabilizer": An efficient Clifford stabilizer state simulator
  that can simulate noisy Clifford circuits if all errors in the noise model are also
  Clifford errors.

• "extended_stabilizer": An approximate simulated based on a
  ranked-stabilizer decomposition that decomposes circuits into stabilizer
  state terms. The number of terms grows with the number of
  non-Clifford gates.

• "matrix_product_state": A tensor-network statevector simulator that
  uses a Matrix Product State (MPS) representation for the state.

• "automatic": The default behavior where the method is chosen
  automatically for each circuit based on the circuit instructions,
  number of qubits, and noise model.

Additional Backend Options

The following simulator specific backend options are supported

• method (str): Set the simulation method (Default: "automatic").
  Use :meth:available_methods to return a list of all availabe methods.

• device (str): Set the simulation device (Default: "CPU").
  Use :meth:available_devices to return a list of devices supported
  on the current system.

• precision (str): Set the floating point precision for
  certain simulation methods to either "single" or "double"
  precision (default: "double").

• executor (futures.Executor): Set a custom executor for
  asynchronous running of simulation jobs (Default: None).

• max_job_size (int or None): If the number of run circuits
  exceeds this value simulation will be run as a set of of sub-jobs
  on the executor. If None simulation of all circuits are submitted
  to the executor as a single job (Default: None).

• enable_truncation (bool): If set to True this removes unnecessary
  qubits which do not affect the simulation outcome from the simulated
  circuits (Default: True).

• zero_threshold (double): Sets the threshold for truncating
  small values to zero in the result data (Default: 1e-10).

• validation_threshold (double): Sets the threshold for checking
  if initial states are valid (Default: 1e-8).

• max_parallel_threads (int): Sets the maximum number of CPU
  cores used by OpenMP for parallelization. If set to 0 the
  maximum will be set to the number of CPU cores (Default: 0).

• max_parallel_experiments (int): Sets the maximum number of
  qobj experiments that may be executed in parallel up to the
  max_parallel_threads value. If set to 1 parallel circuit
  execution will be disabled. If set to 0 the maximum will be
  automatically set to max_parallel_threads (Default: 1).

• max_parallel_shots (int): Sets the maximum number of
  shots that may be executed in parallel during each experiment
  execution, up to the max_parallel_threads value. If set to 1
  parallel shot execution will be disabled. If set to 0 the
  maximum will be automatically set to max_parallel_threads.
  Note that this cannot be enabled at the same time as parallel
  experiment execution (Default: 0).

• max_memory_mb (int): Sets the maximum size of memory
  to store a state vector. If a state vector needs more, an error
  is thrown. In general, a state vector of n-qubits uses 2^n complex
  values (16 Bytes). If set to 0, the maximum will be automatically
  set to the system memory size (Default: 0).

• optimize_ideal_threshold (int): Sets the qubit threshold for
  applying circuit optimization passes on ideal circuits.
  Passes include gate fusion and truncation of unused qubits
  (Default: 5).

• optimize_noise_threshold (int): Sets the qubit threshold for
  applying circuit optimization passes on ideal circuits.
  Passes include gate fusion and truncation of unused qubits
  (Default: 12).

These backend options only apply when using the "statevector"
simulation method:

• statevector_parallel_threshold (int): Sets the threshold that
  the number of qubits must be greater than to enable OpenMP
  parallelization for matrix multiplication during execution of
  an experiment. If parallel circuit or shot execution is enabled
  this will only use unallocated CPU cores up to
  max_parallel_threads. Note that setting this too low can reduce
  performance (Default: 14).

• statevector_sample_measure_opt (int): Sets the threshold that
  the number of qubits must be greater than to enable a large
  qubit optimized implementation of measurement sampling. Note
  that setting this two low can reduce performance (Default: 10)

These backend options only apply when using the "stabilizer"
simulation method:

• stabilizer_max_snapshot_probabilities (int): set the maximum
  qubit number for the
  ~qiskit.providers.aer.extensions.SnapshotProbabilities
  instruction (Default: 32).

These backend options only apply when using the "extended_stabilizer"
simulation method:

• extended_stabilizer_sampling_method (string): Choose how to simulate
  measurements on qubits. The performance of the simulator depends
  significantly on this choice. In the following, let n be the number of
  qubits in the circuit, m the number of qubits measured, and S be the
  number of shots (Default: resampled_metropolis).

• "metropolis": Use a Monte-Carlo method to sample many output
  strings from the simulator at once. To be accurate, this method
  requires that all the possible output strings have a non-zero
  probability. It will give inaccurate results on cases where
  the circuit has many zero-probability outcomes.
  This method has an overall runtime that scales as n^{2} + (S-1)n.

• "resampled_metropolis": A variant of the metropolis method,
  where the Monte-Carlo method is reinitialised for every shot. This
  gives better results for circuits where some outcomes have zero
  probability, but will still fail if the output distribution
  is sparse. The overall runtime scales as Sn^{2}.

• "norm_estimation": An alternative sampling method using
  random state inner products to estimate outcome probabilites. This
  method requires twice as much memory, and significantly longer
  runtimes, but gives accurate results on circuits with sparse
  output distributions. The overall runtime scales as Sn^{3}m{3}.

• extended_stabilizer_metropolis_mixing_time (int): Set how long the
  monte-carlo method runs before performing measurements. If the
  output distribution is strongly peaked, this can be decreased
  alongside setting extended_stabilizer_disable_measurement_opt
  to True (Default: 5000).

• "extended_stabilizer_approximation_error" (double): Set the error
  in the approximation for the extended_stabilizer method. A
  smaller error needs more memory and computational time
  (Default: 0.05).

• extended_stabilizer_norm_estimation_samples (int): The default number
  of samples for the norm estimation sampler. The method will use the
  default, or 4m^{2} samples where m is the number of qubits to be
  measured, whichever is larger (Default: 100).

• extended_stabilizer_norm_estimation_repetitions (int): The number
  of times to repeat the norm estimation. The median of these reptitions
  is used to estimate and sample output strings (Default: 3).

• extended_stabilizer_parallel_threshold (int): Set the minimum
  size of the extended stabilizer decomposition before we enable
  OpenMP parallelization. If parallel circuit or shot execution
  is enabled this will only use unallocated CPU cores up to
  max_parallel_threads (Default: 100).

• extended_stabilizer_probabilities_snapshot_samples (int): If using
  the metropolis or resampled_metropolis sampling method, set the number of
  samples used to estimate probabilities in a probabilities snapshot
  (Default: 3000).

These backend options only apply when using the "matrix_product_state"
simulation method:

• matrix_product_state_max_bond_dimension (int): Sets a limit
  on the number of Schmidt coefficients retained at the end of
  the svd algorithm. Coefficients beyond this limit will be discarded.
  (Default: None, i.e., no limit on the bond dimension).

• matrix_product_state_truncation_threshold (double):
  Discard the smallest coefficients for which the sum of
  their squares is smaller than this threshold.
  (Default: 1e-16).

• mps_sample_measure_algorithm (str): Choose which algorithm to use for
  "sample_measure" (Default: “mps_apply_measure”).

• "mps_probabilities": This method first constructs the probability
  vector and then generates a sample per shot. It is more efficient for
  a large number of shots and a small number of qubits, with complexity
  O(2^n * n * D^2) to create the vector and O(1) per shot, where n is
  the number of qubits and D is the bond dimension.

• "mps_apply_measure": This method creates a copy of the mps structure
  and measures directly on it. It is more efficient for a small number of
  shots, and a large number of qubits, with complexity around
  O(n * D^2) per shot.

• mps_log_data (str): if True, output logging data of the MPS
  structure: bond dimensions and values discarded during approximation.
  (Default: False)

These backend options apply in circuit optimization passes:

• fusion_enable (bool): Enable fusion optimization in circuit
  optimization passes [Default: True]
• fusion_verbose (bool): Output gates generated in fusion optimization
  into metadata [Default: False]
• fusion_max_qubit (int): Maximum number of qubits for a operation generated
  in a fusion optimization [Default: 5]
• fusion_threshold (int): Threshold that number of qubits must be greater
  than or equal to enable fusion optimization [Default: 14]

_DEFAULT_BASIS_GATES = sorted([
'u1', 'u2', 'u3', 'u', 'p'