单位阶跃信号
u
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t
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=
{
0
t
<
0
1
t
>
0
u(t)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{0} & {t<0} \\ {1} & {t>0}\end{array}\right.
u(t)={01t<0t>0
有延迟的单位阶跃信号(左加右减)
u
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=
{
0
t
<
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1
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,
t
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0
u\left(t-t_{0}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{0} & {t<t_{0}} \\ {1} & {t>t_{0}}\end{array}, \quad t_{0}>0\right.
u(t−t0)={01t<t0t>t0,t0>0
u
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t
+
t
0
)
=
{
0
t
<
−
t
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1
t
>
−
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,
t
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0
u\left(t+t_{0}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{0} & {t<-t_{0}} \\ {1} & {t>-t_{0}}\end{array}, t_{0}>0\right.
u(t+t0)={01t<−t0t>−t0,t0>0
门函数:也称窗函数
f
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t
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=
u
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t
+
τ
2
)
−
u
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t
−
τ
2
)
f(t)=u\left(t+\frac{\tau}{2}\right)-u\left(t-\frac{\tau}{2}\right)
f(t)=u(t+2τ)−u(t−2τ)
分解
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)
当t=
τ
\tau
τ,脉高:
f
(
τ
)
f(\tau)
f(τ),脉宽:
Δ
τ
\boldsymbol{\Delta} \tau
Δτ,
存在区间:
u
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t
−
τ
)
−
u
(
t
−
τ
−
Δ
τ
)
\\u(t-\tau)-u(t-\tau-\Delta \tau)
u(t−τ)−u(t−τ−Δτ)
此窄脉冲可表示为:
f
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τ
)
[
u
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t
−
τ
)
−
u
(
t
−
τ
−
Δ
τ
)
]
\\f(\tau)[u(t-\tau)-u(t-\tau-\Delta \tau)]
f(τ)[u(t−τ)−u(t−τ−Δτ)]
从
x
=
−
∞
x=-\infty
x=−∞到
∞
\infty
∞,
f
(
t
)
f(t)
f(t)可表示为许多窄脉冲叠加
f ( t ) = ∑ τ = − ∞ ∞ f ( τ ) [ u ( t − τ ) − u ( t − τ − Δ τ ) ] = ∑ τ = − ∞ ∞ f ( τ ) [ u ( t − τ ) − u ( t − τ − Δ τ ) ] Δ τ ⋅ Δ τ \begin{aligned} f(t) &=\sum_{\tau=-\infty}^{\infty} f(\tau)[u(t-\tau)-u(t-\tau-\Delta \tau)] \\ &=\sum_{\tau=-\infty}^{\infty} f(\tau) \frac{[u(t-\tau)-u(t-\tau-\Delta \tau)]}{\Delta \tau} \cdot \Delta \tau \end{aligned} f(t)=τ=−∞∑∞f(τ)[u(t−τ)−u(t−τ−Δτ)]=τ=−∞∑∞f(τ)Δτ[u(t−τ)−u(t−τ−Δτ)]⋅Δτ
令 Δ τ → 0 \Delta \tau \rightarrow 0 Δτ→0
lim Δ τ → 0 [ u ( t − τ ) − u ( t − τ − Δ τ ) ] Δ τ = d u ( t − τ ) d t = δ ( t − τ ) \lim _{\Delta \tau \rightarrow 0} \frac{[u(t-\tau)-u(t-\tau-\Delta \tau)]}{\Delta \tau}=\frac{\mathrm{d} u(t-\tau)}{\mathrm{d} t}=\delta(t-\tau) limΔτ→0Δτ[u(t−τ)−u(t−τ−Δτ)]=dtdu(t−τ)=δ(t−τ)
Δ τ → d τ , ∑ τ = − ∞ ∞ → ∫ τ = − ∞ ∞ \Delta \tau \rightarrow \mathbf{d} \tau, \quad \sum_{\tau=-\infty}^{\infty} \rightarrow \int_{\tau=-\infty}^{\infty} Δτ→dτ,∑τ=−∞∞→∫τ=−∞∞
f ( t ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ f ( τ ) δ ( t − τ ) d τ f(t)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(\tau) \delta(t-\tau) d \tau f(t)=∫−∞∞f(τ)δ(t−τ)dτ
物理意义:
不同连续信号都可分解为冲激信号的叠加,信号不同表明它们的系数不同。
卷积
连续函数卷积的定义:(函数的脉冲分解定义一样么)
y
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=
∫
−
∞
∞
x
1
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τ
)
x
2
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t
−
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d
τ
y(t)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x_{1}(\tau) x_{2}(t-\tau) \mathrm{d} \tau
y(t)=∫−∞∞x1(τ)x2(t−τ)dτ
y ( t ) = x 1 ( t ) ∗ x 2 ( t ) y(t)=x_{1}(t) * x_{2}(t) y(t)=x1(t)∗x2(t)
性质:
(1)交换律
x
1
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∗
x
2
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t
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=
x
2
(
t
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∗
x
1
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t
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x_{1}(t) * x_{2}(t)=x_{2}(t) * x_{1}(t)
x1(t)∗x2(t)=x2(t)∗x1(t)
(2)分配律
x
1
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t
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∗
[
x
2
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+
x
3
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]
=
x
1
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∗
x
2
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+
x
1
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∗
x
3
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x_{1}(t) *\left[x_{2}(t)+x_{3}(t)\right]=x_{1}(t) * x_{2}(t)+x_{1}(t) * x_{3}(t)
x1(t)∗[x2(t)+x3(t)]=x1(t)∗x2(t)+x1(t)∗x3(t)
(3)任意函数与冲激函数的卷积等于函数自身
x
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∗
δ
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=
x
(
t
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x(t) * \delta(t)=x(t)
x(t)∗δ(t)=x(t)
可得到:
f
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t
)
=
f
(
t
)
∗
δ
(
t
)
f(t)=f(t) * \delta(t)
f(t)=f(t)∗δ(t)
最后发现,信号的分解其实就是,利用冲击函数 δ ( t ) \delta(t) δ(t)的抽样性,用冲击函数对信号进行卷积。
f ( t ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ f ( τ ) δ ( t − τ ) d τ f(t)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(\tau) \delta(t-\tau) \mathrm{d} \tau f(t)=∫−∞∞f(τ)δ(t−τ)dτ
零状态响应:
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)通过 LTI 线性时不变系统,利用特性,叠加,延时。可求得信号
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)所产生的响应。