0503定积分的换元法和分部积分法-定积分-高等数学

1 定积分的换元法

定理 假设函数$f(x)$在区间$[a,b]$上连续，函数$x=\varphi (t)$满足条件：

（1）$\varphi (\alpha )=a,\varphi (\beta )=b$;

（2）$\varphi (x)在[\alpha ,\beta ]（或[\beta ,\alpha ]）$上具有连续导数，且其值域$R_{\varphi }=[a,b]$,则有

​ ${\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx={\int }_{\alpha }^{\beta }f[\varphi (t)]\varphi {}^{\prime }(t)dt$ (3-1)

公式(3-1)称为定积分的换元公式。

$$\begin{gathered} 证明：公式两边被积函数都是连续的，则两边都可积，且存在原函数 \\ 应用微积分基本公式，假设F(x)是f(x)的一个原函数，则 \\ {\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx=F(b)-F(a) \\ 令\Phi (t)=F[\varphi (t)],则{\Phi }^{{}^{\prime }}(t)=f[\varphi (t)]{\varphi }^{{}^{\prime }}(t) \\ 那么\Phi (t)是f[\varphi (t)]{\varphi }^{{}^{\prime }}(t)的一个原函数, \\ \therefore {\int }_{\alpha }^{\beta }f[\varphi (t)]{\varphi }^{{}^{\prime }}(t)dt=\Phi (\beta )-\Phi (\alpha ) \\ \because x=\varphi (t),\varphi (\alpha )=a,\varphi (\beta )=b \\ \therefore {\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx=F(b)-F(a)=\Phi (\beta )-\Phi (\alpha ) \\ ={\int }_{\alpha }^{\beta }f[\varphi (t)]{\varphi }^{{}^{\prime }}(t)dt \end{gathered}$$

注：

• 当$\alpha <\beta$时，公式仍然成立；

• 更新积分变量，相应的积分限也要做变换；

• 换元公式可以反过来使用即
  $${\int }_{\alpha }^{\beta }f[\varphi (t)]{\varphi }^{{}^{\prime }}(t)dt\stackrel{x=\varphi (t)}{=}{\int }_a^{b}f(x)dt$$

例1 求${\int }_0^{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{2-x^2}dx$

$$\begin{gathered} 解：令x=\sqrt{2}t,则dx=\sqrt{2}dt,t\in [0,1] \\ {\int }_0^{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{2-x^2}dx={\int }_0^1\sqrt{2-2t^2}\cdot \sqrt{2}dt \\ =2{\int }_0^1\sqrt{1-t^2}dt=(t\sqrt{1-t^2}+\arcsin t){|}_0^1=\frac{\pi }{2} \end{gathered}$$

例2 求 ${\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\cos }^{5}x\sin xdx$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\cos }^{5}x\sin xdx=-{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\cos }^{5}xd\cos x \\ =-\frac{1}{6}{\cos }^{6}x{|}_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}=\frac{1}{6} \end{gathered}$$
注：凑微分形式，积分变量不变，积分限也不变

例3 求 ${\int }_{-\frac{\pi }{2}}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sqrt{\cos x-{\cos }^{3}x}dx$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_{-\frac{\pi }{2}}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sqrt{\cos x-{\cos }^{3}x}dx \\ ={\int }_{-\frac{\pi }{2}}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}|\sin x|\sqrt{\cos x}dx \\ =-{\int }_{-\frac{\pi }{2}}^0\sin x\sqrt{\cos x}dx+{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin x\sqrt{\cos x}dx \\ =\frac{2}{3}{\cos }^{\frac{3}{2}}x{|}_{-\frac{\pi }{2}}^0-\frac{2}{3}{\cos }^{\frac{3}{2}}x{|}_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}} \\ =\frac{4}{3} \end{gathered}$$
例4 求 ${\int }_0^4\frac{x+2}{\sqrt{2x+1}}dx$​
$$\begin{gathered} 解：令\sqrt{2x+1}=t,x=\frac{1}{2}(t^2-1),dx=tdt,t\in [1,3] \\ {\int }_0^4\frac{x+2}{\sqrt{2x+1}}dx={\int }_1^3\frac{\frac{1}{2}(t^2-1)+2}{t}\cdot tdt \\ =\frac{1}{6}{t}^3{|}_1^3+\frac{3}{2}t{|}_1^3=\frac{22}{3} \end{gathered}$$

例5 求${\int }_{\sqrt{e}}^{e^{\frac{3}{4}}}\frac{dx}{x\sqrt{\ln x(1-\ln x)}}$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_{\sqrt{e}}^{e^{\frac{3}{4}}}\frac{dx}{x\sqrt{\ln x(1-\ln x)}}={\int }_{\sqrt{e}}^{e^{\frac{3}{4}}}\frac{d\ln x}{\sqrt{\ln x(1-\ln x)}} \\ =2{\int }_{\sqrt{e}}^{e^{\frac{3}{4}}}\frac{d(\sqrt{\ln x})}{\sqrt{(1-(\sqrt{\ln x}{)}^2)}} \\ =2[\arcsin (\sqrt{\ln x})]{|}_{\sqrt{e}}^{e^{\frac{3}{4}}}=\frac{\pi }{6} \end{gathered}$$
例6 证明

（1）若$f(x)在[-a,a]$上连续且为偶函数，则${\int }_{-a}^{a}f(x)dx=2{\int }_0^{a}f(x)dx$

（2）若$f(x)在[-a,a]$上连续且为奇函数，则${\int }_{-a}^{a}f(x)dx=0$
$$\begin{gathered} 证明：{\int }_{-a}^{a}f(x)dx={\int }_{-a}^{0}f(x)dx+{\int }_0^{a}f(x)dx \\ 令x=-t,则dx=-dt,x\in [-a,0],t\in [0,a] \\ =-{\int }_a^{0}f(-t)dt+{\int }_0^{a}f(t)dt={\int }_0^{a}f(-t)dt+{\int }_0^{a}f(t)dt(1-1) \\ (1)当f(x)为偶函数时， \\ (1-1)式={\int }_0^a(t)dt+{\int }_0^{a}f(t)dt=2{\int }_0^{a}f(t)dt,即 \\ {\int }_{-a}^{a}f(x)dx=2{\int }_0^{a}f(x)dx(2)当f(x)为奇函数时， \\ (1-1)式=-{\int }_0^{a}f(t)dt+{\int }_0^{a}f(t)dt=0,即 \\ {\int }_{-a}^{a}f(x)dx=0 \end{gathered}$$
例7 求${\int }_{-1}^1\frac{2x^2+x\cos x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx$​​
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_{-1}^1\frac{2x^2+x\cos x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx={\int }_{-1}^1\frac{2x^2}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx+{\int }_{-1}^1\frac{x\cos x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx \\ 因为\frac{2x^2}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}在作用域(-\infty ,+\infty )内为偶函数，\frac{x\cos x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}在作用域(-\infty ,+\infty )内为奇函数，所以 \\ 上式=2{\int }_0^1\frac{2x^2}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}+0=2{\int }_0^1\frac{2x^2(1-\sqrt{1-x^2})}{(1+\sqrt{1-x^2})(1-\sqrt{1-x^2})}dx \\ =4{\int }_0^1(1-\sqrt{1-x^2})dx=4-\pi \end{gathered}$$

$$

$$

• 形如${\int }_0^a\sqrt{a^2-x^2}dx$的定积分，可以利用定积分的几何意义，等价于求$x^2+y^2=a^2圆的\frac{1}{4}面积，为\frac{1}{4}\pi a^2$

例8 若$f(x)\in [0,1]$,证明

（1）${\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}f(\sin x)dx={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}f(\cos x)dx$

（2）${\int }_0^{\pi }xf(\sin x)dx=\frac{\pi }{2}{\int }_0^{\pi }f(\sin x)dx$

由此计算${\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{x\sin x}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}$
$$\begin{gathered} 证明：（1）令x=\frac{\pi }{2}-t,dx=-dt,则 \\ {\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}f(\sin x)dx=-{\int }_{\frac{\pi }{2}}^{0}f[\sin (\frac{\pi }{2}-t)]dt \\ ={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}f(\cos x)dx \\ (2)令x=\pi -t,dx=-dt,t\in [0,\pi ] \\ {\int }_0^{\pi }xf(\sin x)dx=-{\int }_{\pi }^0(\pi -t)f[\sin (\pi -t)]dt \\ ={\int }_0^{\pi }(\pi -t)f(\sin t)dt=\pi {\int }_0^{\pi }f(\sin t)dt-t{\int }_0^{\pi }f(\sin t)dt \\ 则{\int }_0^{\pi }xf(\sin x)dx=\frac{\pi }{2}{\int }_0^{\pi }f(\sin x)dx \\ 计算{\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{x\sin x}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}dx=\frac{\pi }{2}{\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{\sin x}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}dx \\ =-\frac{\pi }{2}{\int }_0^{\pi }\frac{1}{1+{\cos }^{2}x}d(\cos x)=-\frac{\pi }{2}(\arctan \cos x{|}_0^{\pi })=\frac{{\pi }^2}{4} \end{gathered}$$

例9 若$f(x)$为连续函数，求$\frac{d}{dx}{\int }_0^{x}tf(x^2-t^2)dt$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：令x^2-t^2=u, \\ x为积分上限，t是积分变量，x选定就是常数.对上式两边求导得 \\ -2tdt=du,sdt=-\frac{1}{2}du,u\in [0,x^2] \\ 则{\int }_0^{x}tf(x^2-t^2)dt=-\frac{1}{2}{\int }_{x^2}^{0}f(u)du=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_0^{x^2}f(u)du \\ \frac{d}{dx}{\int }_0^{x}tf(x^2-t^2)dt=xf(x^2) \end{gathered}$$
注：

• 做变上限函数求导，f(u)，u必须是关于积分变量的整体变化式。

例10 设
$$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{l}2x,x\ge 0\\ \frac{1+x}{1-x},x<0\end{array}$$
求${\int }_0^{2}f(x-1)dx$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_0^{2}f(x-1)dx={\int }_{-1}^{1}f(x)dx={\int }_{-1}^{0}f(x)dx+{\int }_0^{1}f(x)dx \\ ={\int }_{-1}^0\frac{1+x}{1-x}dx+{\int }_0^1(2x)dx=2\ln 2-1+1=2\ln 2 \end{gathered}$$
例11 设$f(x)在(-\infty ,+\infty )$上连续，且满足：${\int }_0^{x}tf(x-t)dt=e^x-x-1求f(x)$,

分析：

• 等式左边是关于x积分上限函数，右侧是一个表达式，需要对积分上限函数求导

$$\begin{gathered} 解：等式两边对x求导 \\ 等式左侧求导，\frac{d}{dx}{\int }_0^{x}tf(x-t)dt,令x-t=u,dt=-du \\ \frac{d}{dx}{\int }_x^0-(x-u)f(u)du=\frac{d}{dx}{\int }_0^x[xf(u)-uf(u)]du \\ ={\int }_0^{x}f(u)du(1-1) \\ 等式右侧求导，(e^x-x-1{)}^{{}^{\prime }}=e^x-1，即 \\ {\int }_0^{x}f(u)du=e^x-1,等式两边继续对x求导，得 \\ \frac{d}{dx}{\int }_0^{x}f(u)du=(e^x-1{)}^{{}^{\prime }} \\ f(x)=e^x,x\in (-\infty ,+\infty ) \end{gathered}$$

2 定积分的分部积分法

定理 设$f(x)在[a,b]$上连续，则

​ ${\int }_a^{b}udv=[uv]{|}_a^b+{\int }_a^{b}vdu$

上式称为定积分的分部积分公式。

例12 求 ${\int }_0^{1}x{e}^{x}dx$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_0^{1}x{e}^{x}dx={\int }_0^{1}xd{e}^x=(x{e}^x){|}_0^1-{\int }_0^1{e}^{x}dx \\ =e-(e-1)=1 \end{gathered}$$
例13 求 ${\int }_1^5\ln xdx$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_1^5\ln xdx=(x\ln x){|}_1^5-{\int }_1^{5}xd(\ln x) \\ =5\ln 5-4 \end{gathered}$$
例14 求 ${\int }_1^e\frac{\ln x}{x^3}dx$​
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_1^e\frac{\ln x}{x^3}dx=-\frac{1}{2}{\int }_1^e\ln xd(x^{-2}) \\ =-\frac{1}{2}(x^{-2}\ln x){|}_1^e+\frac{1}{2}{\int }_1^e{x}^{-2}d(\ln x) \\ =-\frac{3}{4e^2}+\frac{1}{4} \end{gathered}$$
例15 求 ${\int }_0^1{e}^{\sqrt{x}}dx$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_0^1{e}^{\sqrt{x}}dx\stackrel{\sqrt{x}=t}{=}2{\int }_0^{1}t{e}^{t}dt \\ =2 \end{gathered}$$
例16 求${\int }_0^3\arcsin \sqrt{\frac{x}{1+x}}dx$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：令t=\arcsin \sqrt{\frac{x}{1+x}},x={\tan }^{2}x \\ {\int }_0^3\arcsin \sqrt{\frac{x}{1+x}}dx={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{3}}td({\tan }^{2}t) \\ =t{\tan }^{2}t{|}_0^{\frac{\pi }{3}}-{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{3}}(se{c}^{2}t-1)dt \\ =\pi -\sqrt{3}+\frac{\pi }{3}=\frac{4}{3}\pi -\sqrt{3} \end{gathered}$$

例17 求 ${\int }_1^e\sin (\ln x)dx$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：令\ln x=t,x=e^t \\ {\int }_1^e\sin (\ln x)dx={\int }_0^1\sin td(e^t)=\sin t{e}^t{|}_0^1+{\int }_0^1\cos t{e}^{t}dt \\ =e\sin 1-e\cos 1+1-{\int }_0^1\sin t{e}^{t}dt \\ 原式=\frac{1}{2}e\sin 1-\frac{1}{2}e\cos 1+\frac{1}{2} \end{gathered}$$
例18 计算$I={\int }_0^1\frac{f(x)}{\sqrt{x}}dx,其中f(x)={\int }_1^{\sqrt{x}}{e}^{-t^2}dt$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：{\int }_0^1\frac{f(x)}{\sqrt{x}}dx=2{\int }_0^{1}f(x)d(\sqrt{x}) \\ =2(\sqrt{x}f(x){|}_0^1)-2{\int }_0^1\sqrt{x}{f}^{{}^{\prime }}(x)dx=-2{\int }_0^1\sqrt{x}{f}^{{}^{\prime }}(x)dx \\ {f}^{{}^{\prime }}(x)=\frac{d}{dx}{\int }_1^{\sqrt{x}}{e}^{-t^2}dt=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}{e}^x} \\ I=-2{\int }_0^1\sqrt{x}\cdot \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}{e}^x}dx=\frac{1}{e^x}{|}_0^1=\frac{1}{e}-1 \end{gathered}$$
例19 计算$I_n={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\sin }^{n}xdx(n\in N)$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：I_n={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\sin }^{n}xdx=-{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\sin }^{n-1}xd(\cos x) \\ =(n-1){\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}(1-{\sin }^{2}x){\sin }^{n-2}xdx \\ {I}_n=\frac{n-1}{n}{I}_{n-2} \\ {I}_0=\frac{\pi }{2},I_1=1 \\ 因此I_{2m}=\frac{2m-1}{2m}\cdot \frac{2m-3}{2m-2}\cdots \frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\pi }{2}=\frac{(2m-1)!!}{(2m)!!} \\ {I}_{2m+1}=\frac{2m}{2m+1}\cdot \frac{2m}{2m-1}\cdots \frac{2}{3}=\frac{(2m)!!}{(2m+1)!!}(m=1,2,\cdots ) \end{gathered}$$
${\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\sin }^{6}xdx=\frac{5}{6}\cdot \frac{3}{4}\cdot \frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\pi }{2}=\frac{5}{32}$

${\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\cos }^{5}xdx=\frac{4!!}{5!!}=\frac{8}{15}$

例20 求 ${\int }_0^{\pi }{\cos }^5\frac{x}{2}dx$
$$\begin{gathered} 解：令t=\frac{x}{2} \\ {\int }_0^{\pi }{\cos }^5\frac{x}{2}dx=2{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}co{s}^{5}tdt=\frac{16}{15} \end{gathered}$$

后记

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⭐️文档笔记地址：https://gitee.com/gaogzhen/math

参考：

[1]同济大学数学系.高等数学 第七版 上册[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014.7.p246-254.

[2]同济七版《高等数学》全程教学视频[CP/OL].2020-04-16.p34.