高数 05.03定积分的换元法和分部积分法

$\color{blue}{第五章 第三节 定积分的换元法和分部积分法}$

$\color{blue}{二、分部积分法}$

$注:C^1表示具有连续的一阶导数$
$定理2.设u(x), v(x) \in C^1[a, b], 则\\ \int_a^b{u(x)v^{\prime}(x)dx} = u(x)v(x) | _a^b - \int_a^b{u^{\prime}(x) v(x) dx}$

$证: \because [u(x)v(x)]^{\prime} = u^{\prime}(x)v(x) + u(x)v^{\prime}(x)\\ \downarrow 两端在[a, b]上积分 \\ u(x)v(x) |_a^b = \int_a^b{u^{\prime}(x)v(x) dx} + \int_a^b{u(x)v^{\prime}(x)dx} \\\ \therefore \int_a^b{u(x)v^{\prime}(x)dx} = u(x)v(x) |_a^b - \int_a^b{u^{\prime}(x)v(x) dx}$

$例1.计算\int_0^{\frac{1}{2}}{arcsin{x}dx}.$
$解:\\ \int_0^{\frac{1}{2}}{arcsin{x}dx} \\ = [x\arcsin{x}]| _0^{\frac{1}{2}} - \int_0^{\frac{1}{2}}{xd \arcsin{x}} \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{12} - \int_0^{\frac{1}{2}}{\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}dx} \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{12} + \int_0^{\frac{1}{2}}{\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{1 - x^2}}d(1 - x^2)} \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{12} + \int_0^{\frac{1}{2}}{(\sqrt{1 - x^2})^{\prime}d(1 - x^2)} \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{12} + [\sqrt{1 - x^2}] _0^{\frac{1}{2}} \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{12} + \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2} - 1$

$例2.计算\int_1^e{x \ln{x} dx}$
$解:\\ \int_1^e{x \ln{x} dx} \\ = [\dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \ln{x}]_1^e - \int_1^e{\dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \dfrac{1}{x} dx} \\ = \dfrac{e^2}{2} - [\dfrac{1}{4}x^2]_1^e \\ = \dfrac{1}{4}(e^2 + 1)$

$例3.计算\int_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}}{\dfrac{x}{\sin^2{x}} dx}$
$解:\\ \int_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}}{\dfrac{x}{\sin^2{x}} dx}$
$=\int_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{3}}{x d(-\cot{x})}$
$= [-x\cot{x}] _{\frac{\pi}{4}} ^ {\frac{\pi}{3}} + \int_ {\frac{\pi}{4}} ^ {\frac{\pi}{3}}{\cot{x} dx}$
$= \dfrac{3 - 4\sqrt{3}}{12} \pi + \int_ {\frac{\pi}{4}} ^ {\frac{\pi}{3}}{\dfrac{1}{\sin{x}} d\sin{x}}$
$= \dfrac{3 - 4\sqrt{3}}{12} \pi + [\ln{\sin{x}}]_ {\frac{\pi}{4}} ^ {\frac{\pi}{3}}$
$= (\dfrac{1}{4} - \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{9}) \pi + \dfrac{1}{2} \ln{\dfrac{3}{2}}$

内容小结
$基本积分法\left \{ \begin{array}{l}换元积分法\\分部积分法 \end{array} \right.$
换元必换限,配元不换限,边积边代限.

练习
$1.\dfrac{d}{dx}\int_0^x{\sin^{100}(x - t) dt} = \underline{\ \ {\color{blue}{\sin^{100}x} }\ \ }$
$解:\\ 令u = x - t, dt = -du,\\ t = 0, u = x; t = x, u = 0 \\ \dfrac{d}{dx}\int_0^x{\sin^{100}(x - t) dt}$
$= -\dfrac{d}{dx}\int_x^0{\sin^{100}u du}$
$= \dfrac{d}{dx}\int_0^x{\sin^{100}u du}$
$= \dfrac{d}{dx}\int_0^x{\sin^{100}x dx}$
$= \sin^{100}x$

$2.设f(t) \in C_1, f(1) = 0, \int_1^{x^3}{f^{\prime}(t) dt} = \ln{x},求f(e).$
$解：\\ 解法1：\\ \ln{x} = \int_1^{x^3}{f^{\prime}(t) dt} = f(x^3) - f(1) = f(x^3) \\ 令u = x^3, 得f(u) = \ln{\sqrt[3]{u}} = \dfrac{1}{3} \ln{u}\\ 即f(e) = \dfrac{1}{3}\\ 解法2：\\ 对已知等式两边求导，得3x^2f^{\prime}(x^3) = \dfrac{1}{x}\\ 令u = x^3,得 f^{\prime}(u) = \dfrac{1}{3u} \\ 对两端积分得\\ f(e) - f(1) = \int_1^e{f^{\prime}(u)du} = [\dfrac{1}{3} \ln{u}]_1^e = \dfrac{1}{3} \\ f(e) = \dfrac{1}{3}$

$3.设f^{\prime \prime}(x)在[0, 1]连续,且f(0) = 1, f(2) = 3, \\ f^{\prime}(2) = 5,求\int_0^1{xf^{\prime \prime}(2x) dx}$
$解：\\ \int_0^1{xf^{\prime \prime}(2x) dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4} \int_0^1{(2x)f^{\prime \prime}(2x) d(2x)} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4} \int_0^2{tf^{\prime \prime}(t) dt} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4} \int_0^2{t df^{\prime}(t)} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4}[tf^{\prime}(t)]_0^2 - \dfrac{1}{4}\int_0^2{f^{\prime}(t)dt} \\ = \dfrac{5}{2} - \dfrac{1}{4}[f(x)]_0^2 \\ = 2$