线性方程组（九）- 线性变换的矩阵

小结

1. 线性变换的矩阵
2. ${\mathbb{R}}^2$中的集合线性变换
3. 满射与单射

---

线性变换的矩阵

${\mathbf{I}}_2=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]$的两列是${\mathbf{e}}_1=\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\end{array}\right]$和${\mathbf{e}}_2=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right]$，设$\mathbf{T}$是${\mathbb{R}}^2$到${\mathbb{R}}^3$的线性变换，满足$\mathbf{T}({\mathbf{e}}_1)=\left[\begin{array}{c}5\\ -7\\ 2\end{array}\right]，\mathbf{T}({\mathbf{e}}_2)=\left[\begin{array}{c}-3\\ 8\\ 0\end{array}\right]$。求出${\mathbb{R}}^2$中任意向量$\mathbf{x}$的像的公式。
解：
$\mathbf{x}=\left[\begin{array}{c}{x}_1\\ x_2\end{array}\right]=x_1\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\end{array}\right]+x_2\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right]=x_1{\mathbf{e}}_1+x_2{\mathbf{e}}_2$
因为$\mathbf{T}$是线性变换，所以：
T ( x ) = T ( x 1 e 1 + x 2 e 2 ) = x 1 T ( e 1 ) + x 2 T ( e 2 ) = x 1 [ 5 − 7 2 ] + x 2 [ − 3 8 0 ] = [ 5 − 3 − 7 8 2 0 ] x \quad\boldsymbol{T(x)} = \boldsymbol{T(}x_1\boldsymbol{e_1} + x_2\boldsymbol{e_2)} \\ = x_1\boldsymbol{T(e_1)} + x_2\boldsymbol{T(e_2)} \\ = x_1\begin{bmatrix}5 \\ -7 \\ 2\end{bmatrix} + x_2\begin{bmatrix}-3 \\ 8 \\ 0\end{bmatrix} \\ = \begin{bmatrix} 5 & -3\\ -7 & 8 \\ 2 & 0\end{bmatrix}\boldsymbol{x} T(x)=T(x1​e1​+x2​e2​)=x1​T(e1​)+x